at the signs

σημεῖον, ου, τό (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.; loanw. in rabb.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 27, 4; Did., Gen. 115, 9 ‘symbol’; gener. ‘sign’)

① a sign or distinguishing mark whereby someth. is known, sign, token, indication (Diod S 3, 66, 3=evidences τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ θεοῦ; Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9.—Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 4 of marks in the landscape showing direction; ParJer 5:11 τὰ ς. τῆς πόλεως; Just., A I, 55, 6 al.; Iren. 1, 14, 8 [Harv. I 143, 10]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 43, 36 ς. τῆς μετὰ θάνατον ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ [sc. Ἰησοῦ]; 2, 59, 6 of the scars of the resurrected Lord τὰ ς. τῆς κολάσεως). τοῦτο ὑμῖν σημεῖον this (will be) a sign for you Lk 2:12 (cp. Is 37:30). ὅ ἐστιν ς. ἐν πάσῃ ἐπιστολῇ this is the mark of genuineness in every letter 2 Th 3:17 (Ps.-Pla., Ep. 13, 360a has at its beginning the words σύμβολον ὅτι παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν). Of a signal previously agreed upon δοῦναί τινι σημεῖον (PFay 128, 7 ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν σημεῖον ‘he gave us a signal’; Jos., Ant. 12, 404) Mt 26:48; 1 Cl 12:7.— A sign of things to come (PsSol 15:9 τὸ … σημεῖον ἀπωλείας ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου αὐτῶν; Did., Gen. 191, 6; Philo, Op. M. 58 σημεῖα μελλόντων; Jos., Bell. 6, 285; 296; 297) Mk 13:4; Lk 21:7. The event to be expected is added in the gen. τί τὸ ς. τῆς σῆς παρουσίας; Mt 24:3. τὸ ς. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου the sign by which one can mark the coming of the Human One (Son of Man) vs. 30 (TGlasson, JTS 15, ’64, 299f [a military metaphor, ‘standard’; cp. Is 18:3; 1QM 3f]). τὰ σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν the signs of the (end)times (καιρός 3b) Mt 16:3.— A sign of warning (Plut., Caes. 737 [63, 1]; SibOr 3, 457; Mel., P. 14, 90) 1 Cl 11:2. Prob. in like manner αἱ γλῶσσαι εἰς σημεῖόν εἰσιν τοῖς ἀπίστοις the tongues (γλῶσσα 3) serve as a (warning) sign to the unbelievers 1 Cor 14:22. Likew. the sign of Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 1) in Luke: Lk 11:29, 30. Here the Human One is to be a sign to his generation, as Jonah was to the Ninevites; cp. οὗτος κεῖται εἰς σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον (s. ἀντιλέγω 2) 2:34 (cp. Is 11:12).—W-S. §30, 10d.—GRunze, Das Zeichen des Menschensohnes u. der Doppelsinn des Jonazeichens 1897 (against him PSchmiedel, Lit. Centralblatt 48, 1897, 513–15; Runze again, ZWT 41, 1898, 171–85; finally PSchm. ibid. 514–25); PAsmussen, Protestantenblatt 37, 1904, 375–8; STyson, Bibl. World 33,1909, 96–101; CBowen, AJT 20, 1916, 414–21; JMichael, JTS 21, 1920, 146–59; JBonsirven, RSR 24, ’34, 450–55; HGale, JBL 60, ’41, 255–60; PSeidelin, Das Jonaszeichen, StTh 5, ’51, 119–31; AVögtle, Wikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 230–77; OGlombitza, D. Zeichen des Jona, NTS 8, ’62, 359–66.—In the OT circumcision is σημεῖον διαθήκης=a sign or token of belonging to the covenant (Gen 17:11). For Paul this sign becomes a mark, or seal (so σημεῖον: PRev 26, 5 [III B.C.]; PRein 9 introd. [II B.C.]; 35, 3; BGU 1064, 18) σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς σφραγῖδα he got the mark of circumcision as a seal Ro 4:11. In the difficult pass. B 12:5 ἐν σημείῳ is prob. best taken as by a sign; but it is poss. that the text is defective (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.; RKraft, Did. and Barnabas ’65, 119 note: ‘standard, norm’).—τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 2 Cor 12:12a belongs rather to the next category; the signs of the (true) apostle (cp. SIG 831, 14 [117 A.D.] ἡγούμην σημεῖα ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν) are, as is shown by the verb κατειργάσθη and what follows, the wonders or miracles performed by him.

② an event that is an indication or confirmation of intervention by transcendent powers, miracle, portent

ⓐ miracle

α. a miracle of divine origin, performed by God himself, by Christ, or by men of God (cp. Diod S 5, 70, 4 πολλὰ ς. of the young Zeus; 16, 27, 2 ἐγένετο αὐτῷ σημεῖον ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος; Strabo 16, 2, 35 παρὰ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Appian, Ital. 8 §1 σημείων γενομένων ἐκ Διός, Hann. 56 §233; SIG 709, 25 [c. 107 B.C.] διὰ τῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ γενομένων σαμείων; PGM 1, 65; 74; Jos., Ant. 2, 274; 280; Mel., P. 78, 568): Mt 12:38f; 16:1 (ς. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ), 4; Mk 8:11 (ς. ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, as Synes., Prov. 1, 7; s. OLinton, The Demand for a Sign from Heaven, StTh 19, ’65, 112–29; JGibson, JSNT 38, ’90, 37–66, a phenomenon suggesting divine deliverance), 12; 16:17, 20; Lk 11:16 (ς. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ), 29 (s. 1 above); 23:8; J 2:11, 18, 23; 3:2; 4:54; 6:2, 14, 26, 30; 7:31; 9:16; 10:41; 11:47; 12:18, 37; 20:30 (on σημ. as a designation of Jesus’ miracles in J s. Hdb. on J 2:11 and 6:26; JBernard, ICC John 1929, I introd. 176–86; CBarrett, The Gosp. acc. to St. John, ’55, 62–65); Ac 4:16, 22 (τὸ ς. τῆς ἰάσεως the miracle of healing); 8:6; 1 Cor 1:22; Agr 9. τί εἴδετε σημεῖον ἐπὶ τὸν γεννηθέντα βασιλέα; what kind of sign did you see over the newborn king? GJs 21:2 (codd.). τὸ σημεῖον τὸ ἐνάρετον the marvelous sign AcPl Ha 3,16.—σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (Polyb. 3, 112, 8 σημείων δὲ καὶ τεράτων πᾶν μὲν ἱερόν, πᾶσα δʼ ἦν οἰκία πλήρης; Plut., Alex. 706 [75, 1 sing.]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 36 §144 τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα οὐράνια; 4, 4 §14; Aelian, VH 12, 57; Philo, Mos. 1, 95, Aet. M. 2; Jos., Bell. 1, 28, Ant. 20, 168. Oft. in LXX: Ex 7:3; Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19 al.; Is 8:18; 20:3; Jer 39:21; Wsd 8:8; 10:16) J 4:48; Ac 2:43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12; Ro 15:19; Hb 2:4; 1 Cl 51:5; B 4:14; 5:8. δυνάμεις καὶ τέρατα κ. σημεῖα Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12b (SSchreiber, Paulus als Wundertäter: BZNW 79, ’96) σημεῖα καὶ δυνάμεις Ac 8:13.—1 Cl 25:1; 2 Cl 15:4. SMc-Casland, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; MWhittaker, Studia Evangelica 5, ’68, 155–58.

β. worked by Satan or his agents to mislead God’s people (s. Iren. 5, 28, 2 [Harv. V 401, 32]) Rv 13:13f; 16:14; 19:20. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22 (GBeasley-Murray, A Commentary on Mk 13, ’57; EGrässer, D. Problem der Parusie-verzögerung, ’57, 152–70); 2 Th 2:9; D 16:4.

ⓑ portent terrifying appearances in the heavens, never before seen, as portents of the last days Lk 21:11, 25 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 4 §14 σημεῖα πολλά around the sun; AscIs 3, 20); Ac 2:19 (cp. Jo 3:3); s. D 16:6. Of that which the seer of the Apocalypse sees ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ Rv 12:1, 3; 15:1. Of the portentous signs in heaven and earth at the death of Jesus GPt 8:28 (cp. Da 6:28 Theod. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα ἐν οὐρανῷ κ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς; Diod S 38 + 39 Fgm. 5: at the end of each one of the eight ages ordained by God there is a σημεῖον ἐκ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ θαυμάσιον).—On miracles s. SIG 1168–73; RLembert, Das Wunder bei Römern u. Griechen I 1905; RReitzenstein, Hellenist. Wundererzählungen 1906, OWeinreich, Antike Heilungswunder 1909, Gebet u. Wunder: WSchmid Festschr. 1929, 169ff; PWendland, De Fabellis Antiquis earumque ad Christianos Propagatione 1911; FKutsch, Attische Heilgötter u. Heilheroen 1913; WJayne, The Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations 1925; RHerzog, D. Wunderheilungen v. Epidaurus ’31; PFiebig, Jüdische Wundergeschichten des ntl. Zeitalters 1911; ASchlatter, Das Wunder in d. Synagoge 1912.—RLehmann, Naturwissenschaft u. bibl. Wunderfrage 1930; GNaumann, Die Wertschätzung des Wunders im NT 1903; GTraub, Das Wunder im NT² 1907; KBeth, Die Wunder Jesu 1908; JThompson, Miracles in the NT 1911; LFonck, Die Wunder des Herrn im Ev.² 1907; LFillion, Les miracles de Jésus-Christ 1909/1910; PDausch, Die Wunder Jesu 1912; SEitrem, Nordisk Tidskrift for Filologie 5, 1919, 30–36; RBultmann, Die Gesch. der synopt. Tradition² ’31, 223–60; RJelke, Die Wunder Jesu 1922; GShafto, The Wonders of the Kingdom 1924; JBest, The Miracles of Christ in the Light of our Present Day Knowledge ’37; TTorrance, Expository Studies in St. John’s Miracles ’38; ARichardson, The Miracle Stories of the Gospels ’41; AFridrichsen, Le Problème du Miracle dans le Christianisme primitif: Études d’ Hist. et de Phil. rel. XII 1925; HSchlingensiepen, Die Wunder des NT ’33; OPerels, D. Wunderüberlieferung der Synoptiker ’34; PSaintyves, Essais de folklore biblique 1923; GMarquardt, D. Wunderproblem in d. deutschen prot. Theologie der Gegenwart ’33; GDelling, D. Verständnis des Wunders im NT, ZST 24, ’55, 265–80, Zur Beurteilung des Wunders durch d. Antike: Studien zum NT ’70, 53–71; SMcCasland, Signs and Wonders, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; CBarrett, The Gosp. Acc. to John ’55, 62–65; JCharlier, La notion de signe (sêmeion) dans J: RSPT 43, ’59, 434–48; PRiga, Signs of Glory (J): Int 17, ’63, 402–24; HvanderLoos, The Miracles of Jesus ’65; WNicol, The Semeia in the Fourth Gosp. ’72; for Acts s. FNeirynck, the Miracle Stories in the Acts of the Apostles, An Introduction, in Les Actes des Apôtres, ed. JKremer ’79, 169–213.—Esp. on the healing of demoniacs JWeiss, RE IV 408ff; JJaeger, Ist Jesus Christus ein Suggestionstherapeut gewesen? 1918; KKnur, M.D., Christus medicus? 1905; KDusberger, Bibel u. Kirche ’51, 114–17 (foretoken).—RGrant, Miracle and Natural Law in Graeco-Roman and Early Christian Thought ’52. S. also the lit. s.v. δαιμόνιον 2.—See further MWestermann, ed. ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑΓΡΑΦΟΙ, Scriptores Rerum Mirabilium Graeci, 1839.—B. 914. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. DBS XII 1281–1330. EDNT. ABD IV 869 (lit.). TW. Spicq. Sv.

καιρός, οῦ, ὁ (Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① a point of time or period of time, time, period, freq. with implication of being esp. fit for someth. and without emphasis on precise chronology

ⓐ gener. (cp. Just., D. 32, 4 τὸν γὰρ καιρὸν [Da 7:26] ἑκατὸν ἔτη ἐξηγεῖσθε λέγεσθαι) κ. δεκτός a welcome time 2 Cor 6:2a (Is 49:8); cp. vs. 2b. καιροὶ χαλεποί difficult times 2 Ti 3:1. In ref. to times of crisis for the state λοιμικοῦ καιροῦ 1 Cl 55:1 (s. JFischer ad loc. note 322) καιροὶ καρποφόροι fruitful times or seasons (so Achmes 156, 15f: καρποφόρος is the καιρός in which the tree bears fruit, in contrast to late autumn, when there is no more) Ac 14:17 (OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f proposes, on the basis of Mod. Gk., the mng., ‘weather’, but the pl. is against this mng.). καιροὶ ἐαρινοί 1 Cl 20:9.—ἔσται καιρὸς ὅτε there will come a time when 2 Ti 4:3; εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον κ. to what time or what sort of time (some, e.g. NRSV, interpret τίνα=the person, but cp. PTebt 25, 18 [117 B.C.] καὶ διὰ τίνος καὶ ἀπὸ ποίου ἐπιδείγματος; s. ποῖος 1aα, also ποτατός) 1 Pt 1:11. ἄχρι καιροῦ until (another) time, for a while Lk 4:13; Ac 13:11; ἐν καιρῷ ὀλίγῳ in a little time 1 Cl 23:4; ἐν παντὶ κ. at all times, always (Aristot. 117a, 35; Sir 26:4) Lk 21:36; Eph 6:18; Hm 5, 2, 3. κατὰ καιρόν from time to time, regularly (TestJob 36:4; Lucian, Hermot. 10; Plut., Mor. 984d) J 5:4 (s. 2 also); 1 Cl 24:2; GJs 3:3; πρὸς κ. for a limited time (perh. also for the present moment; cp. Strabo 6, 2, 3; Ps.-Plut., Fluv. 23; BGU 265, 20 [II A.D.]; 618, 19; 780, 14; Wsd 4:4; Philo, Post. Cai. 121; Jos., Bell. 6, 190; Tat. 13, 1) Lk 8:13; 1 Cor 7:5. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας (a combination of πρὸς κ. and πρὸς ὥραν [2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5; Phlm 15; J 5:35]) for a short time (cp. our ‘for a short space of time’) 1 Th 2:17.

ⓑ a moment or period as especially appropriate the right, proper, favorable time ἐν καιρῷ at the right time (X., An. 3, 1, 39; Diod S 36, 7, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 8 §29; SIG 1268 [Praecepta Delphica II, 6; III B.C.]) Mt 24:45; Lk 12:42 (cp. on both Ps 103:27, w. v.l.). καιρῷ (Thu. 4, 59, 3 v.l.; Diog. L. 1, 41) Lk 20:10 (v.l. ἐν κ.). τῷ καιρῷ Mk 12:2. ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμός, ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος the proper time for me (you) J 7:6, 8 (Eunap., Vi. Iambl. p. 459 Didot: the worker of miracles acts ὅταν καιρὸς ᾖ). νῦν κ. ταῦτα ὑμᾶς μαθεῖν οὐκ ἔστιν now is not the time for you to learn this AcPl Ha 1, 26 (Just., D. 8, 1 ἃ νῦν κ. οὐκ ἔστι λέγειν al.).—καιρὸν λαβεῖν find a favorable time, seize the opportunity (Lysias, C. Agor. 6; Cleanthes [III B.C.]: Stoic. I no. 573; Diod S 2, 6, 5; EpArist 248; Jos., Bell. 1, 527, Ant. 4, 10; cp. PTebt 332, 9). καιρὸν μεταλαβεῖν (s. μεταλαμβάνω 2) Ac 24:25. λαβεῖν κ. εὔθετον find a convenient opportunity Pol 13:1. κ. ἔχειν have opportunity (Thu. 1, 42, 3; Pla., Ep. 7, 324b; Plut., Lucull. 501 [16, 4]; PFlor 259, 3; 1 Macc 15:34; Jos., Ant. 16, 73; 335; Ath., R. 23 p. 77, 6; Did., Gen. 112, 10) Gal 6:10; Hb 11:15; 2 Cl 16:1; ISm 9:1; IRo 2:1. ὀλίγον καιρὸν ἔχειν Rv 12:12. ἐξαγοράζεσθαι τὸν κ. make the most of the opportunity Col 4:5; Eph 5:16 (s. ἐξαγοράζω 2). On Ro 12:11 v.l. s. δουλεύω 2aβ and b. κατὰ κ. Ro 5:6 is more naturally construed with ἀπέθανεν than with ἀσεβῶν (cp. κατὰ καιρὸν θεριζόμενος reaped in its proper time Job 5:26).—The concept of the appropriate time oft. blends with that of

② a defined period for an event. definite, fixed time. Abs. καιροί festal seasons (Ex 23:14, 17; Lev 23:4.—So perh. also beside θυσίαι in the Ins de Sinuri ed. LRobert ’45 no. 42) Gal 4:10 (κ. w. ἡμέρα as Polyaenus 8, 23, 17). τὰς τῶν καιρῶν ἀλλαγὰς καταδιαιρεῖν … ἃ μὲν εἰς ἑορτάς, ἃς δὲ εἰς πένθη to set up periods of fasting and mourning in accord with changes in seasons Dg 4:5.—Not infreq. w. a gen., which indicates the reason why the time is set apart (Pla., Leg. 4, 709c χειμῶνος καιρός; Aesop, Fab. 258 P.=255 H-H./206 Ch. ἀπολογίας κ., also oft. LXX; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 191 κ. εὐφροσύνης; Jos., Ant. 18, 74; Tat. 36, 1 κατʼ ἐκεῖνον αὐτὸν … τὸν τοῦ πολέμου κ.; Hippol., Ref. 9, 30, 27 κ. τῆς παρουσίας; Did., Gen. 175, 2 κ. τοῦ ἐξελθεῖν εἰς τὴν γῆν) κ. θερισμοῦ time of harvest Mt 13:30 (JosAs 2:19). κ. τῶν καρπῶν time when the fruit is ripe 21:34; cp. vs. 41. κ. σύκων time when the figs are ripe Mk 11:13 (ParJer 5:31; cp. Horapollo 2, 92 ὁ κ. τῶν ἀμπέλων). κ. μετανοίας time for repentance 2 Cl 8:2. κ. πειρασμοῦ Lk 8:13b. ὁ κ. τῆς ἀναλύσεως the time of death 2 Ti 4:6. κ. ἐπισκοπῆς σου Lk 19:44. κ. διορθώσεως Hb 9:10. κ. ἡλικίας 11:11. κ. τῆς ἡγεμονίας Ποντίου Πιλάτου the time of the procuratorship of P. P. IMg 11. κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ μαρτυρίου at the time of martyrdom EpilMosq 2 (cp. Mel., HE 4, 26, 3 ᾧ Σάγαρις καιρῷ ἐμαρτύρησεν). ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ καιρῷ (Num 9:7) 2 Th 2:6. ὁ κ. αὐτῶν the time set for the fulfillment of Gabriel’s words Lk 1:20; cp. Dg 11:5 (s. διαγγέλλω 2). ὁ κ. μου my time=the time of my death Mt 26:18. κ. τοῦ ἰαθῆναι time to be healed 2 Cl 9:7. κ. τοῦ ἄρξασθαι τὸ κρίμα 1 Pt 4:17; cp. the extraordinary ἦλθεν ὁ κ. τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καὶ δοῦναι = ἵνα κριθῶσιν οἱ νεκροὶ καὶ δῷς Rv 11:18.—Pl. (Num 9:3 κατὰ καιρούς; Tob 14:4 S πάντα συμβήσεται τοῖς καιροῖς αὐτῶν; Heraclit. Sto. 11 p. 18, 18=the periods of time between; Maximus Tyr. 1, 2f πολλοὶ κ.; TestNapht 7:1 δεῖ ταῦτα πληρωθῆναι κατὰ τοὺς καιροὺς αὐτῶν; Ar. 4, 2 κατὰ καιρούς) καιροὶ ἐθνῶν times of the Gentiles (in which they may inflict harm on God’s people or themselves be converted) Lk 21:24.—κατὰ καιρόν at the appropriate time (Arrian, Anab. 4, 5, 1; PSI 433, 4 [261 B.C.]; Just., A I, 19, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3) J 5:4; 1 Cl 56:15 (Job 5:26). Also ἐν καιρῷ (Himerius, Or 13 [Ecl. 14], 3): ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ B 11:6, 8 (Ps 1:3). καιρῷ ἰδίῳ in due time Gal 6:9. Pl. καιροῖς ἰδίοις at the right time 1 Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3; cp. 1 Cl 20:4 (Just., D. 131, 4 πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων κ.).—κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον καιρόν vs. 10.—πεπλήρωται ὁ κ. the time (determined by God) is fulfilled Mk 1:15. Pl. (cp. Ps 103:19) ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιρούς he (God) has determined allotted times (MDibelius, SBHeidAk ’38/39, 2. Abh. p. 6f, ‘seasons’; cp. 1QM 10, 12–15; FMussner, Einige Parallelen [Qumran and Areopagus speech], BZ 1, ’57, 125–30) Ac 17:26; cp. κατὰ καιροὺς τεταγμένους 1 Cl 40:1; ὡρισμένοις καιροῖς καὶ ὥραις vs. 2; τοῖς προστεταγμένοις κ. vs. 4.

③ a period characterized by some aspect of special crisis, time

ⓐ gener.: the present (time) Ro 13:11; 12:11 v.l. ὁ καιρός (i.e. the crisis involving Christians) ἀπαιτεῖ σε the times call upon you IPol 2:3 (Diod S 17, 27, 2 ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν προεκλήθησαν=they were called out by the [critical circumstances of the] times). Also ὁ νῦν κ. (PSI 402, 7 [III B.C.] ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ) Ro 3:26; 8:18; 11:5; 2 Cor 8:14; B 4:1. κ. ὁ νῦν τῆς ἀνομίας the present godless time 18:2 (s. also b below). ὁ κ. ὁ ἐνεστηκώς (Polyb. 1, 60, 9; Jos., Ant. 16, 162) Hb 9:9; ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ κ. at that time, then (Gen 21:22; Is 38:1; τῷ κ. ἐκείνῳ TestSol D 8, 2) Mt 11:25; 12:1; 14:1; cp. Eph 2:12. Also κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν κ. (Jos., Ant. 1, 171, Vi. 49; GJs 10:2.—Diod S 2, 27, 1 and Vi. Aesopi G 81 P. κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς καιρούς=at that time. Cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 10.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. ἔτι κατὰ καιρὸν ὑπὲρ ἀσεβῶν for those who at that time were still godless Ro 5:6, though κατὰ κ. here prob.=at the right time, as in mng. 1b above (s. B-D-F §255, 3). τῷ τότε τῆς ἀδικίας καιρῷ … τὸν νῦν τῆς δικαιοσύνης Dg 9:1; cp. 9:2. Of the future κατὰ τ. καιρὸν τοῦτον at this time Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10, 14). Cp. EpilMosq 2 in 2 above. ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ κ. just at that time (2 Esdr 5:3) Lk 13:1. W. attraction of the relative ἐν ᾧ κ. at that time, then Ac 7:20. κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ὸ̔ν καὶ πέρυσι at the same time as in the year preceding Hv 2, 1, 1.

ⓑ One of the chief terms relating to the endtime: ὁ καιρός the time of crisis, the last times (FBusch, Z. Verständnis d. synopt. Eschatol. Mk 13 neu untersucht ’38; GDelling, D. Zeitverständn. des NTs ’40; WMichaelis, D. Herr verzieht nicht d. Verheissung ’42; WKümmel, Verheissung. u. Erfüllung ’45,³ ’56; OCullmann, Christus u. d. Zeit ’46 [tr. FFilson, Christ and Time ’50, 39–45; 79; 121]) ὁ κ. ἤγγικεν Lk 21:8. ὁ κ. ἐγγύς Rv 1:3; 22:10. οὐκ οἴδατε πότε ὁ καιρός ἐστιν Mk 13:33. Cp. Ro 13:11 (s. 3a above) if it is to be interpreted as eschatological (cp. Plut., Mor. 549f). πρὸ καιροῦ before the endtime and the judgment Mt 8:29; 1 Cor 4:5. ἐν καιρῷ 1 Pt 5:6. Also ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ 1:5; D 16:2. Pl. πλήρωμα τῶν καιρῶν Eph 1:10. ἐπηρώτων … περὶ τῶν καιρῶν, εἰ ἤδη συντέλειά ἐστιν Hv 3, 8, 9. τὰ σημεῖα τ. καιρῶν the signs of the (Messianic) times Mt 16:3. τοὺς καιροὺς καταμάνθανε learn to understand the times IPol 3:2 (s. WBauer, Hdb. Suppl. vol. ad loc.) The Messianic times described as καιροὶ ἀναψύξεως Ac 3:20.—ἔσχατοι καιροί (or ὕστεροι καιροί 1 Ti 4:1) come before the ἔσχατος κ. IEph 11:1 (cp. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτων κ. AcPl Ha 8, 26 [restoration is certain=Ox 1601, 40/BMM recto 34]); χρόνοι ἢ καιροί times and seasons (cp. Iren. 1, 17, 2 [Harv. I 168, 9] and καιρῶν κατὰ χρόνους ἀλλαγή Theoph. Ant. 1, 6 [p. 70, 1]; Artem. 4, 2 p. 203, 25f the χρόνος is divided into καιροὶ καὶ ὧραι), which must be completed before the final consummation Ac 1:7 (Straton of Lamps. in FWehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, V Fgm. 10, 32f κατὰ τοὺς καιροὺς καὶ τοὺς χρόνους; quoted in JBarr, Biblical Words for Time, ’62, 33; see also Diog. L. 5, 64); cp. 1 Th 5:1. συντέμνειν τοὺς καιρούς shorten the (last) times B 4:3. Sim. in sg. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν 1 Cor 7:29.—The expr. καιρὸν καὶ καιροὺς κ. ἥμισυ καιροῦ also belongs to the eschatol. vocab.; it means the apocalyptic time of 1 + 2 + ½ = 3½ years, during which acc. to Da 12:7 (cp. 7:25) a tyrranical enemy of God and God’s people is to reign on earth Rv 12:14 (in imagery of a serpentine monster, δράκων)—ὁ κ. οὗτος the present age (cp. αἰών 2a) Mk 10:30; Lk 12:56; 18:30. Also ὁ νῦν κ. B 4:1. As ruled by the devil: ὁ ἄνομος κ. 4:9. καταργεῖν τὸν κ. τοῦ ἀνόμου destroy the age of the lawless one 15:5. The soul seeks και[ρο]ῦ χρόνου αἰ̣ῶ̣νος ἀνάπαυσιν ἐ̣[ν] σιγῇ peace in silence, at the time of the aeon crisis GMary 463, 1.—On Dg 12:9 s. the editions of vGebh.-Harnack and Bihlmeyer.—JMánek, NTS 6, ’59, 45–51; JBarr, Biblical Words for Time, ’62.—B. 954. Schmidt, Syn. II 54–72. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

χείρ, ἡ, χειρός, χειρί, χεῖρα, dual χεῖρε, χεροῖν, pl. χεῖρες, χερῶν, χεῖρας, penult. being regularly short, when the ult. is long; dat. pl. regularly χερσί ( χειρσί occurs in cod.Vat. of LXX, as Jd.7.19, 1 Ch.5.10, and late Inscrr. as CIG2811

A b.10 ([place name] Aphrodisias), 2942c ([place name] Tralles): but Poets used the penult. long or short in all cases, as the verse required, χερός, χερί, χέρα, χέρε, χέρες, χέρας (of which Hom. uses only

χερί; χέρα h.Pan.40

); gen. dual

χειροῖν S.El. 206

(lyr.), 1394 (lyr.), IG22.1498.76; gen. pl. χειρῶν ib.31, common in Prose.—Poet. forms, dat. pl. χείρεσι ([etym.] ν ) once in Hom., Il.20.468, also Q.S.2.401, 5.469 (v.l.);

χείρεσσι Il.12.382

, Pi.O.10(11).62, S.Ant. 976 (lyr.), 1297 (lyr.), and once in trim., E.Alc. 756; χέρεσσι ([etym.] ν) Hes.Th. 519, 747, B.17.49;

χερέεσσιν AJA36.460

([place name] Galatia):—[dialect] Dor. nom. [full] χέρς Timocr.9; [full] χήρ Sophr. in PSI11.1214a3 (also, = δίψακος, Ps.-Dsc.3.11); gen.

χηρός Alcm.32

, IG42(1).121.22 (Epid., iv B. C.); acc. pl. χῆρας ib.96, [dialect] Aeol.

χέρρας Alc.Supp.4.21

, Theoc.28.9.—On the accent and declension of these forms, v. Hdn.Gr.2.277, 748:— the hand, whether closed,

παχεῖα Il.3.376

;

βαρεῖα 11.235

, al.; or open, flat, χερσὶ καταπρηνέσσι, χειρὶ καταπρηνεῖ, 15.114, Od.13.164, al.;

εἰς τὴν χ. ἐγχεάμενοί τι X.Cyr.1.3.9

: freq. in pl. where a single hand is meant, Il.23.384, etc.; reversely, sg. where more than one hand is spoken of, e.g. Od.3.37, etc.; dual joined with pl.,

ἄμφω χεῖρας 8.135

;

χεῖρε ἀμφοτέρας Il.21.115

.

2 hand and arm, arm (cf. Ruf.Onom.11,82, Gal.2.347),

πῆχυν χειρὸς δεξιτερῆς Il.21.166

;

κατὰ χεῖρα μέσην ἀγκῶνος ἔνερθε 11.252

;

χεῖρες ἀπ' ὤμων ἀΐσσοντο Hes.Th. 150

;

χ. εἰς ὤμους γυμναί Longus 1.4

; ἐν χερσὶ γυναικῶν πεσέειν into the arms, Il.6.81, etc.: hence, words are added to denote the hand as distinct from the arm,

ἄκρην οὔτασε χεῖρα 5.336

;

περὶ ἄκραις ταῖς χ. χειρῖδας ἔχουσι X.Cyr.8.8.17

, cf. Pl. Prt. 352a.

3 of the hand or paw of animals,

ὅσα [ζῷα] χεῖρας ἔχει X.Mem.1.4.14

; πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ χειρῶν go on all fours. LXX Le.11.27; so of monkeys, Arist.HA 502b3; of the fore-paws of the hyena, Id.Fr. 369; of the bear, Plu.2.919a.

II Special usages:

1 to denote position, ποτέρας τῆς χερός; on which hand? E.Cyc. 681;

ἐπὶ δεξιὰ χειρός Pi.P.6.19

;

ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ χειρός Od.5.277

;

χειρὸς εἰς τὰ δεξιά S.Fr. 598

;

λαιᾶς χειρός A.Pr. 714

(but χείρ is often omitted with δεξιά, ἀριστερά, as we say the right, the left).

2 freq. in dat. of all numbers with Verbs which imply the use of hands, λάβε χειρί, χερσὶν ἑλέσθαι, Il.5.302, 10.501;

χερσὶν ἀσπάζεσθαι Od.3.35

;

προκαλίζεσθαι 18.20

; χειρί, χεροῖν ψαῦσαι, S.OT 1510, 1466: sts. this dat. is added pleon. by way of emphasis,

ὄνυξι συλλαβὼν χερί Id.Aj. 310

.

3 gen., by the hand,

χειρὸς ἔχειν τινά Il.4.154

;

χειρὸς ἑλών 1.323

, etc.; γέροντα δὲ χειρὸς ἀνίστη he raised him by the hand, 24.515, cf. Od.14.319;

χερὶ χειρὸς ἑλών Pi.P.9.122

;

τινὰ χειρός ἑλκειν Id.N.11.32

;

ἀνέλκειν τινὰ τῆς χ. Ar.V. 569

(anap.).

4 the acc. is used when one takes the hand of a person,

χεῖρα γέροντος ἑλών Il. 24.361

;

χεῖρ' ἕλε δεξιτερήν Od.1.121

; χεῖράς τ' ἀλλήλων λαβέτην, in pledge of good faith, Il.6.233; so

ἔμβαλλε χ. δεξιὰν πρώτιστά μοι S.Tr. 1181

; also

ἔμβαλλε χειρὸς πίστιν Id.Ph. 813

, cf. OC 1632.

5 other uses of the acc.:

a in prayer or entreaty, χεῖρας ἀνασχεῖν [θεοῖς] Il.3.275, etc.;

ποτὶ γούνασι χεῖρας βάλλειν Od.6.310

;

ἀμφὶ.. Ἀρήτης βάλε γούνασι χεῖρας Ὀδυσσεύς 7.142

;

ἀμφὶ δὲ χεῖρας δειρῇ βάλλ' Ὀδυσῆϊ 23.207

;

ἀμφί τινι χεῖρε β. 21.223

;

περίβαλε δὲ χέρας Ar.Th. 914

, cf. A.Ag. 1559 (anap.);

χεῖρας προΐσχεσθαι Th.3.58

, 66; so also

χεῖρας ἀείρων Od.11.423

, cf. Il.7.130 (tm.); χ. ἀνατείνειν (v.

ἀνατείνω 1.1

).

b τὰς χεῖρας αἴρειν to hold up hands in token of assent or choice, of persons voting, Ar.Ec. 264;

τὴν χ. αἴρειν And.3.41

;

ὅτῳ δοκεῖ ταῦτα, ἀράτω τὴν χ. X.An.5.6.33

, cf. 7.3.6; ἀνατεινάτω τὴν χ. ib.3.2.9, 33;

χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς Il.22.37

;

χεῖρ' ὀρέγων εἰς οὐρανόν 15.371

;

χεῖρας ὀ. τινί Od.12.257

;

πρός τινα Pi. P.4.240

;

ποτὶ στόμα χεῖρ' ὀρέγεσθαι Il.24.506

(but χεῖρά τισι ὀ. to reach them one's hand in help, X.HG5.2.17); also

χεῖρε ἑτάροισι πετάσσας Il.4.523

, etc.;

πιτνὰς εἰς ἐμὲ χεῖρας Od.11.392

(but χεῖρε πετάσσας abs., of one swimming, etc., 5.374, al.).

c [Ἰλίου] χεῖρα ἑὴν ὑπερέσχε held the hand over

I as a protector, Il.9.420, etc.: less freq. τισι, 4.249, cf. 5.433;

χεῖρά θ' ὕπερθεν ἔχεις IG14.1003.10

([place name] Rome).

d in hostile sense, χεῖρας or χεῖρα ἐπιφέρειν τινί, Il.1.89, 19.261, al.;

χεῖρας ἐφιέναι τινί 1.567

, Od.1.254, al.;

χεῖρας ἐπιβάλλειν τισί Plb.3.2.8

, etc.;

χέρα τινὶ προσενεγκεῖν Pi.P.9.36

; χεῖρας ἐπί τινι ἰάλλειν, v. ἰάλλω 1.1.

e χεῖρας ἀπέχειν keep hands off,

λοιμοῖο βαρείας χεῖρας ἀφέξει Il.1.97

codd.;

κερτομίας δέ τοι.. καὶ χεῖρας ἀφέξω.. μνηστήρων Od.20.263

;

ἀθανάτων ἀπέχειν χέρας A.Eu. 350

(lyr.);

τὼ χεῖρε ἀπέχεται Pl.Smp. 213d

;

παύειν χεῖράς τινος Il.21.294

.

f χεῖρας ἐπιτιθέναι τινί, in token of consecration, 1 Ep.Ti.5.22, etc.

6 with Preps.:

a ἀνὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν τινάς to be intimate with.., Plb.21.6.5;

αἱ ἀνὰ χεῖρά τινων ὁμιλίαι S.E.M.1.64

; τὰ ἀνὰ χεῖρα πράγματα the matters in hand, Plu.2.614b, etc. (also οἱ ἀνὰ χ. χρόνοι the current period, PRyl.88.21 (ii A. D.); τὰ ἀνὰ χ. what comes his way, Ps.-Ptol.Centil.18; ἀνὰ χ. τῆς πύλης hard by.., LXX 2 Ki.15.2.

b ἀπὸ χειρὸς λογίσασθαι to reckon off-hand, roughly, Ar.V. 656 (anap.), cf. Luc.Hist.Conscr.29: but πότισον τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ χειρός by hand, PCair.Zen.155 (iii B. C.).

c διὰ χερῶν ἔχειν, λαβεῖν, literally, to have or take between the hands, A.Supp. 193, S.Ant. 916; διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν to hold in the hand, ib. 1258 (anap.), Ar.V. 597 (anap.); to have in hand, i. e. under control, Th.2.76;

διὰ χειρῶν ἔχειν τὴν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1308a27

; τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων keep under control, Th.2.13: later, to have a work in hand, be engaged in it, Phld.Acad.Ind.p.69M. ([etym.] χερός), D.H.Isoc.4;

τὰ ὅπλα Plu.Cor.2

, etc. (also διὰ χ. by direct payment, opp. διὰ τῆς τραπέζης by banker's order, BGU1156.8 (i B. C.), etc.; cf.

διὰ χ. ἔσπευδε τὴν πρᾶσιν Charito 1.12

); of arms,

διὰ χειρὸς εἶναι Luc.Anach.35

; διὰ χ. ἔχειν, c. part., to be continually doing, Plu.2.767c;

διὰ χειρός τινος ποιεῖν τι LXXJo.17.4

, al., cf. Act.Ap.7.25, al.

d ἐς χεῖρας λαβεῖν τι literally, S.El. 1120, etc.; to take a matter in hand, undertake it,

πρᾶγμ' ἐς χέρας λαβόντ' E.Hec. 1242

;

ἄγεσθαί τι ἐς χεῖρας Hdt.1.126

, 4.79, etc.; δοῦναί τινι ἐς χέρας, εἰς χεῖρα, S.El. 1348, X.Cyr.8.8.22;

καταστῆσαι εἰς τὰς χ. τινος Aeschin.2.28

; of persons, ἵκεο χεῖρας ἐς ἁμάς thou hast fallen into our hands, Il.10.448 (in Hom. also simply

ὅ τι χεῖρας ἵκοιτο Od.12.331

, cf. 24.172); so

εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τινι X.Cyr.7.4.10

, cf. 2.4.15: generally, to have to do with any one, converse with him, Id.An.1.2.26 (so

ἐς χεῖρα γῇ ξυνῆψαν E.Heracl. 429

): most freq. ἐς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τισι to come to blows or close quarters with.., A.Th. 680;

ἀλλήλοις Th.7.44

: abs.,

εἰς χ. ἐλθεῖν Id.4.96

;

ἐς χ. ἰέναι Id.2.3

, 4.72, cf. PTeb.765.6 (ii B. C.);

συνιέναι X.Cyr.8.8.22

; also ἐς χειρῶν νόμον (fort. νομόν)

ἀπικέσθαι Hdt.9.48

; ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ (fort. νομῷ)

ἀπόλλυσθαι Id.8.89

, cf. Aeschin.1.5, SIG167.37 (Mylasa, iv B. C.), Heraclid.Pol.25, Plb.1.34.5, 5.111.6; [full] ἐν χειρὸς νόμῳ Arist.Pol. 1285a10, D.H.6.26;

ἐν χειρῶν νομαῖς SIG700.29

(Lete, ii B.C.), v. l. in LXX 3 Ma.1.5; ἐν χεροῖν δίκῃ cj. in E.Ba.738;

εἰς χεῖρας συμμεῖξαι τοῖς πολεμίοις X.Cyr.2.1.11

; also εἰς χεῖρας δέχεσθαί τινας to await their charge, Id.An.4.3.31;

ἐς χ. ὑπομεῖναί τινας Th. 5.72

.

e ἐκ χειρός by hand of man, S.Aj.27: from near at hand, at close range,

ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλειν X.An.3.3.15

; ἀμύνασθαι ib.5.4.25;

μάχεσθαι Id.HG7.2.14

, cf. D.S.19.6;

πληγὰς ἐκ χ. ἀναδέξασθαι Plu.

tim.4;

οὐ μὴ σωθῇ ἐκ χ. σιδήρου LXX Jb.20.24

; ἡ ἐκ χ. δίκη lynch law, D.H.4.37;

ἡ ἐκ χ. βία Plb.9.4.6

: metaph., ἡ ἐκ χ. θεωρία closerange reading, D.H.Isoc.2; so of time, out of hand, off-hand, forthwith, Plb.5.41.7, al.

f

δέπας μητρὶ ἐν χειρὶ τίθει Il.1.585

, cf. Od.13.57, 15.120, al. (always so of a cup, hence ἐν χερσὶ τίθει δέπας, though found in most codd., was condemned by the critics in Il.l.c., Od.3.51, 15.130);

πρεσβήϊον ἐν χερὶ θήσω Il.8.289

; τόξον, ἔγχος ἔχων ἐν χειρί, 15.443, 17.604;

σκῆπτρον δέ οἱ ἔμβαλε χειρί Od.2.37

; but

ἐν.. χειρὶ σκῆπτρον ἔθηκεν Il.23.568

; of a gift,

ἐν χερσὶ τίθει 1.441

, 446; ἐν ταῖς χ. ἔχειν, literally, Pl.R. 432d;

τὰ ὅπλ' ἐν ταῖς χ. ἔχων D.9.8

, etc. (metaph.,

ἔτι μεμνημένων ὑμῶν καὶ μόνον οὐκ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν ἕκαστ' ἐχόντων Id.18.226

); but ἐν χερσὶν ἔχειν also, to have in hand, be engaged in,

τὸν γάμον Hdt.1.35

;

ἑορτήν Plu.Alex.13

;

τὴν περὶ Δημοσθένους πραγματείαν D.H.Th.1

;

ἐν χειρί τινα δίκην ἔχων Pl.Tht. 172e

; ὁ ἐν χερσὶ πόλεμος the war in hand, D.H.8.87; περιτειχισμὸς ἐν χερσὶν ὤν ib.21;

ἡ ἐν χ. ζήτησις S.E.M.11.208

, etc.; freq. of fighting, ἐν χερσί hand to hand,

ἐν χ. ἦν ἡ μάχη Th.4.43

;

ἐν χ. ἀποκτεῖναι Id.3.66

, cf. 4.57,96, etc.;

ἐν χ. γίγνεσθαι τοῖς ἐναντίοις Id.5.72

;

ἐν χ. εἶναί τινος X.HG4.6.11

;

δίκη ἐν χερσί Hes.Op. 192

;

ὁ ψόφος τῶν ὅπλων καὶ τῶν ἵππων ὁ φρυαγμὸς ἐν χερσὶν ἐδόκει εἶναι D.S.19.31

; ἡ ἐν χερσὶν [δυστυχία] Plu.Cleom.22: also in dual,

τἀν χεροῖν S.Ant. 1345

(lyr.); ἐν χειρί τινος by the hand of.., LXX Jo.21.2, al.;

ἐν χ. ἀγγέλου Act.Ap.7.35

(v.l.).

g ἐπὶ χειρὸς ἔχειν on or in one's hand, Thgn.490; ἐπὶ χεῖράς τινων ἐκφέρουσι put into their hands, Plu.2.815b; also ἐπὶ χεῖρά τινος next to, LXXNe.3.4.

h κατὰ χειρός, of washing the hands before meals, ὕδωρ κατὰ χειρός (sc. φερέτω τις), Ar.V. 1216, cf.Av. 464 (anap.), Fr. 502 (lyr.), Philox. 1, Ath.9.408e; (without ὕδωρ)

κατὰ χ. ἐδόθη Alex.261.2

, cf. Arched. 2.3: prov. of that which is easily come by, Telecl.1.2 (anap.);

πάντα μοι κατὰ χ. ἦν τὰ πράγματα

at hand,

Pherecr.146.5

; also κατὰ χειρῶν δοῦναι, χέειν, λαβεῖν, Philyll.3, Antiph.287 (v.l.), Men.470 (troch.), cf. Phot.s.v. κατὰ χειρὸς ὕδωρ: κατὰ χεῖρα in deed or act,

κατὰ χ. γενναιότατοι D.H.7.6

; opp. συνέσει, Plu.Phil.7; κατὰ χεῖρά σου according to thy will, LXX Si.25.26: but κατὰ χεῖρας [τῆς σοφίας] by her side, ib.14.25.

i μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχειν between, i.e. in, the hands, Il.11.4, 15.717; [

ἄλεισον] μετὰ χ. ἐνώμα Od.22.10

: μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν to have in hand, be engaged in, Hdt.7.16.β, Th.1.138.

k λάβε παρὰ χεῖρα take in hand, LXX To. 11.4; but τὸ πὰρ χειρός the work in hand, B.13.10.

l

πρὸ χειρῶν

close before one,

S.Ant. 1279

, E.Tr. 1207 (s.v.l.), Rh. 274; πρὸ χειρὸς εἶναι cj. in Pl.Com.69.5.

m πρὸς χειρός τινος by his hand, A.Supp.66 (lyr.), etc.; πρὸς ἐμὴν χεῖρα at the signs given by my hand, S.Ph. 148 (anap.); πρὸς χεῖρα ὑποβορβορύζοντες on pressure, Hp.Epid.4.7.

n ὑπὸ χερσὶ ἁλοῦσα under, i.e. by, another's hands, Il.2.374, etc.; ὑπὸ χεῖρα ποιεῖσθαι to bring under one's power, X.Ages.1.22; οἱ ὑπὸ χ. persons in one's power, D.6.34; ὑπὸ τὴν χ. ἐλθεῖν to come into one's hand, Luc.Herm.57, etc.; ὑπὸ χ. in hand, i.e. in stock, Arist.Mete. 369b33; but also, at hand, i.e. at once, Plu.2.548e; τὰ ὑπὸ χ. ib.56b, Dsc.1.35; ὁ ὑπὸ χ. the attendant, Dsc.5.75;

παρέργως καὶ ὑπὸ χ.

extempore,

Plu.Arat.3

, etc.; also καθύπο χεῖρα κινῶν [τὰς οὐσίας], in Alchemy, Ps.-Democr. p.51 B.

III the hand often receives the attributes of the person using it, χ. μεγάλη, of Zeus, Il.15.695 (χ. παγκρατής, of God, Secund.Sent.3; χ. ὑπερμήκης, of the 'long arm' of the king, Hdt.8.140.β') ; θοὴ χ., of one throwing, Il.12.306;

ἀφνειά Pi.O.7.1

, cf. S.El. 458; εὐσεβεστέρα, εὐφιλής, A.Ch. 141, Ag.34; κάρβανος ib. 1061;

γεραιά E.Hec. 143

(anap.);

πονηρά Id. Ion 1316

, etc.: to denote wealth or poverty,

πλειοτέρῃ σὺν χ. Od.11.359

;

κενεὰς σὺν χ. ἔχοντες 10.42

, cf. E.Hel. 1280, etc.

2 it is represented as acting of itself,

χεῖρες μαιμῶσιν Il.13.77

, cf. S.Aj.50;

χεὶρ ὁρᾷ τὸ δράσιμον A.Th. 554

;

δήμου κρατοῦσα χ. Id.Supp. 604

(dub. l.): prov.,

ἁ δὲ χ. τὰν χ. νίζει Epich.273

; or simply,

ἁ χ. τὰν χ. AP5.207

(Mel.).

3 pl., in theurgy, name for spiritual powers,

αἱ δημιουργικαὶ [τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος] δυνάμεις ἃς θεουργῶν παῖδες χεῖρας ἀποκαλοῦσιν Procl. in Cra. p.101

P., cf. eund. in R.2.252K.

IV to denote act or deed, opp. mere words, in pl.,

ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν Il.1.77

; μνῆμ' Ἑλένης χειρῶν of her handiwork, her art, Od.15.126 (so in sg.,

δώρημ' ἐκείνῳ τἀνδρὶ τῆς ἐμῆς χ. S.Tr. 603

);

χερσὶν ἢ λόγῳ Id.OT 883

(lyr.), cf. OC 1297, etc.; τῇ χειρὶ χρᾶσθαι to use one's hands, i.c. be active, stirring, opp. ἀργὸς ἐπεστάναι, Hdt.3.78, cf. 9.72; τὰς χ. προσφέρειν to apply force, X.Mem.2.6.31: sg.,

βούλευμα μὲν τὸ Δῖον, Ἡφαίστου δὲ χείρ A.Pr. 619

; μιᾷ χειρί single-handed, D.21.219;

χειρὶ καὶ ποδὶ καὶ πάσῃ δυνάμει Aeschin.3.109

, cf. 2.115;

χερσίν τε ποσίν τε Il.20.360

, cf. Pi.O.10(11).62, esp. of using the hands in a fight, cf. supr. 11.6d, e, f; of deeds of violence, πρὶν χειρῶν γεύσασθαι before we try force, Od.20.181; ἀδίκων χ. ἄρχειν to give the first blow, X.Cyr.1.5.13, Antipho 4.2.1, Lys.4.11, etc.;

ἀμυνόμενος ἄρχοντα χειρῶν Pl.Lg. 869d

: generally, χεῖρες violent measures, force,

ἐπίσχετε θυμὸν ἐνιπῆς καὶ χειρῶν Od.20.267

;

ὑπόδικος χερῶν A.Eu. 260

(lyr.);

χερσὶ πεποιθώς Il.16.624

, etc.; ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ v. supr. 11.6d; ὅπως θανάτοιο βαρείας χ. ἀλάλκοι, v.l. for κῆρας, Il.21.548.

V a number, band, body of men, esp. of soldiers,

χεὶρ μεγάλη Hdt.7.157

; in dat.,

οὐ σὺν μεγάλῃ χ. Id.5.72

;

πολλῇ χ. 1.174

, Th.3.96, E.Heracl. 337; pleon.,

χ. μεγάλῃ πλήθεος Hdt.7.20

;

δεδωμάτωμαι δ' οὐδ' ἐγὼ σμικρᾷ χερί A.Supp. 958

; οἰκεία χείρ, for χεὶρ οἰκετῶν, E.El. 629;

σὺν πλήθει χερῶν S.OT 123

.

VI handwriting,

τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χεῖρα ἀρνήσασθαι Hyp.Lyc.Fr.5

, cf. IG9(1).189 ([place name] Phocis); τῇ ἐμῇ χ. Παύλου I Ep. Cor.16.21, Ep.Col.4.18: copy, counterpart of a document, SIG712.31 (Crete, ii B.C.); deed, instrument,

ἡ χ. ἥδε κυρία ἔστω PRein.28.18

(ii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen. 477 (iii B.C.), etc.

b handiwork of an artist or workman,

γλαφυρὰ χ. Theoc.Epigr.8.5

, etc.;

αἱ Ἐφεσίου χεῖρες Herod.4.72

, cf. 6.66;

σοφαὶ χέρες APl.4.262

;

τὰς Φειδίου χ. Lib.Or. 30.22

.

VII of any implement resembling a hand:

1 a kind of gauntlet, X.Eq.12.5, Poll.1.135 (pl.).

2 χ. σιδηρᾶ grappling-iron, Th.4.25, 7.62; also of an anchor, AP6.38 (Phil.).

3 axle-tree, LXX 3 Ki.7.18(32).

4 in LXX, pillar or cairn, as it were a finger pointing to heaven,

χεὶρ Ἀβεσσαλώμ LXX 2 Ki.18.18

; also ἀνέστακεν αὐτῷ χεῖρα, i.e. trophy, ib. 1 Ki.15.12.

5 χεῖρες ἐλάτιναι, of oars, Tim.Pers.7.

6 catch of a trigger, Hero Aut.13.9;

χ. κατάγουσα τὴν τοξῖτιν Ph.Bel. 68.4

, cf. Hero Bel.78.2.

7 instrument of torture, LXX 4 Ma.8.13.

VIII handful,

κορώνῃ χεῖρα πρόσδοτε κριθέων Phoen. 2.1

.

IX ointment containing five ingredients, Orib.Fr.89, Alex. Trall.7.1. (Cf. Arm. jein ( dzern), Alb. dore, Tocharian (A-dialect) tsar, (B-dialect) sar, all = hand.)

μέν affirmative particle, a weakened form of μήν (Hom.+). One of the commonest particles in Hom., Hdt. et al., but its usage declines sharply in later times. Found only 180 times in the NT. In seven of these places the editions vary (Mk 9:12; Ac 23:8; Ro 7:25; 16:19; 1 Cor 2:15; 12:20: in Ro 16:19; Gal 4:23 W-H. bracket the word). The mss. show an even greater variation. In Rv, 2 Th, 1 Ti, Tit, Phlm, 2 Pt, 1, 2, 3J it does not occur at all; Eph, Col, 1 Th, Js have only one occurrence each. It is also quite rare in 1, 2 Cl, Ign, GPt, but is common in Ac, Hb, B and esp. in Dg. It never begins a clause. Cp. Kühner-G. II p. 264ff; Schwyzer II 569f; Denniston 359–97; B-D-F §447; Rob. 1150–53; Mlt-Turner 331f.

① marker of correlation, w. other particles

ⓐ introducing a concessive clause, followed by another clause w. an adversative particle: to be sure … but, on the one hand … on the other hand, though in many cases an equivalence translation will not fit this scheme; rather, the contrast is to be emphasized in the second clause, often with but.

α. μὲν … δέ: ἐγὼ μὲν ὑμᾶς βαπτίζω … ὁ δὲ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος Mt 3:11. ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς … οἱ δὲ ἐργάται 9:37. τὸ μὲν ποτήριόν μου πίεσθε … τὸ δὲ καθίσαι 20:23. ὁ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου … οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ Mk 14:21. τοῦ μὲν πρώτου κατέαξαν τὰ σκέλη … ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐλθόντες J 19:32 and oft. Cp. Mt 22:8; Ac 21:39; Ro 6:11; 1 Cor 9:24; 11:14; 12:20; 2 Cor 10:10; Hb 3:5; 1 Pt 1:20.—In combination w. conjunctions: εἰ μὲν … εἰ δέ if … but if Dg 3:2 (TestJob 23:5; Ar. 13:7). εἰ μὲν οὖν … εἰ δέ if then … but if Ac 19:38; cp. 25:11. εἰ μὲν … νῦν δέ if … but now Hb 11:15. μὲν οὖν … δέ ( now) indeed … but J 19:24; 20:30; Ac 8:4; 12:5; 1 Cor 9:25. μὲν γὰρ … δέ/ἀλλά for indeed … but (Wsd 7:30; Job 28:2; 2 Macc 6:4; 7:36; 4 Macc 9:8f, 31f) Ac 13:36f; 23:8; 28:22; Ro 2:25; 1 Cor 5:3; 11:7; 2 Cor 9:1–3; 11:4; Hb 7:18, 20f; 12:10; Ac 28:22 (in reverse order): also ἀλλά for δέ in apodosis 4:16f (as 3 Macc 2:15f), s. β. κἂν μὲν …, εἰ δὲ μήγε if … but if not Lk 13:9. ἐὰν μὲν …, ἐὰν δὲ μή Mt 10:13. W. prep. εἰς μὲν … εἰς δέ Hb 9:6.

β. μὲν … ἀλλά to be sure … but (Thu. 3, 2, 1; X., Oec. 3, 6; Tetr. Iamb. 1, 2, 3; TestJob 4:1; Ath. 16, 1) Mk 9:12 (v.l. without μέν). πάντα μὲν καθαρὰ ἀλλὰ κακὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ to be sure everything is clean, but … Ro 14:20. σὺ μὲν γὰρ καλῶς … ἀλλʼ ὁ ἕτερος 1 Cor 14:17. Cp. Ac 4:16 (s. α).

γ. μὲν … πλήν indeed … but (Galen, Inst. Log. c. 8, 2 Kalbfl. [1896]) Lk 22:22.

ⓑ without any real concessive sense on the part of μέν, but adversative force in δέ, so that μέν need not be translated at all: αὐτοὶ μὲν … ὑμεῖς δέ Lk 11:48; cp. Ac 13:36. ἐγὼ μὲν … ἐγὼ δέ 1 Cor 1:12. τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις … τοῖς δὲ σῳζομένοις vs. 18. Ἰουδαίοις μὲν … ἔθνεσι δέ vs. 23. ἐμοὶ μὲν … ὑμῖν δέ Phil 3:1. εἰ μὲν … εἰ δέ Ac 18:14; Dg 2:8.

ⓒ Somet. the combination μὲν … δέ does not emphasize a contrast, but separates one thought from another in a series, so that they may be easily distinguished: πρῶτον μὲν … ἔπειτα δέ in the first place … then Hb 7:2. ὸ̔ μὲν … ὸ̔ δέ the one … the other Mt 13:8, 23 (cp. Lucian, Hermot. 66 ὁ μὲν ἑπτά, ὁ δὲ πέντε, ὁ δὲ τριάκοντα; Just., D. 35, 6; 39, 2; cp. TestAbr A 10 p. 87, 21 [Stone p. 22] ἄλλους μὲν … ἑτέρους); Ro 9:21. ὸ̔ς μὲν … ὸ̔ς δέ the one … the other Mt 21:35; 25:15; Lk 23:33; Ac 27:44; Ro 14:5; 1 Cor 11:21; Jd 22. ἃ μὲν … ἃ δέ some … others 2 Ti 2:20. ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ the one … the other, but pl. some … others Ac 14:4; 17:32; Gal 4:23; Eph 4:11; Phil 1:16; Dg 2:2f. ἕκαστος …, ὁ μὲν οὕτως ὁ δὲ οὕτως each one …, one in one way, one in another 1 Cor 7:7. ὸ̔ς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα, ὁ δὲ ἀσθενῶν the one is confident about eating anything, but the weak person Ro 14:2. τινὲς μὲν … τινὲς δέ some … but still others Phil 1:15. ἄλλη μὲν …, ἄλλη δὲ …, ἄλλη δέ … 1 Cor 15:39. ἑτέρα μὲν …, ἑτέρα δέ vs. 40. οἱ μὲν …, ἄλλοι δὲ …, ἕτεροι δέ Mt 16:14. ᾧ μὲν γὰρ …, ἄλλῳ δὲ …, ἑτέρῳ 1 Cor 12:8ff. ἃ μὲν …, ἄλλα δὲ …, ἄλλα δέ Mt 13:4ff. τοῦτο μὲν …, τοῦτο δέ in part … in part (Hdt. 3, 106; Isocr. 4, 21; 22) Hb 10:33 (μέν followed by more than one δέ: two, Libanius, Or. 18, p. 251, 3f; Or. 59 p. 240, 13; four, Or. 64 p. 469, 14).

② marker of contrast or continuation without express correlation and frequently in anacolutha

ⓐ when the contrast can be supplied fr. the context, and therefore can be omitted as obvious: λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας (sc. ὄντα δὲ ἄλογα or someth. sim.) they have the reputation of being wise (but are foolish) Col 2:23 (difft. BHollenbach, NTS 25, ’79, 254–61: a subordinate clause embedded in its main clause). τὰ μὲν σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη ἐν ὑμῖν the signs that mark a true apostle were performed among you (but you paid no attention) 2 Cor 12:12. ἤδη μὲν οὖν ἥττημα indeed it is already a defeat for you (but you make it still worse) 1 Cor 6:7.—μέν serves to emphasize the subject in clauses which contain a report made by the speaker’s personal state of being, esp. intellectual or emotional; so ἐγὼ μ. Παῦλος 1 Th 2:18. ἡ μ. εὐδοκία τῆς ἐμῆς καρδίας Ro 10:1.

ⓑ Somet. the contrast is actually expressed, but not in adversative form (Diod S 12, 70, 6 Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν οὖν ἐπιβουλεύσαντες τοῖς Βοιωτοῖς τοιαύτῃ συμφορᾷ περιέπεσον=so the Ath., one can see, after plotting against the B., had their fortunes reversed in such a disaster; Polyaenus with dramatic effect: 4, 3, 20 οἱ μὲν …, Ἀλέξανδρος … ; 2, 3, 2) τότε μὲν … ἔπειτα (here we expect δέ) J 11:6f. ἐφʼ ὅσον μὲν οὖν εἰμι ἐγὼ ἐθνῶν ἀπόστολος in so far, then, as I am an apostle to the nations Ro 11:13 (the contrast follows in vs. 14); cp. 7:12 and 13ff.

ⓒ We notice anacoluthon in enumerations, either if they are broken off or if they are continued in some manner that is irregular in form: πρῶτον μέν in the first place Ro 1:8; 3:2; 1 Cor 11:18. πρῶτον μὲν … ἔπειτα (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 1) Js 3:17. In the prologue to Ac (s. λόγος 1b) the clause w. δέ corresponding to τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον 1:1 (Diod S 11, 1, 1 ῾Η μὲν οὖν πρὸ ταύτης βίβλος … τὸ τέλος ἔσχε τῶν πράξεων … ἐν ταύτῃ δέ … The preceding book … contained … ; in this one, on the other hand …) may have been omitted through editorial activity acc. to Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; 397.

ⓓ μέν followed by καί is not customary (Ael. Aristid. 31, 19 K.=11 p. 133 D.; IAsMinSW 325, 10ff μὲν … καί; POxy 1153, 14 [I A.D.] two armbands ἓν μὲν σανδύκινον καὶ ἓν πορφυροῦν; TestJob 40:7f; ApcMos 15) Mk 4:4ff; Lk 8:5ff; MPol 2:4.

ⓔ μὲν οὖν denotes continuation (TestJob 40:14; Just., A I, 7, 3; s. B-D-F §451, 1; Kühner-G. II 157f, but note Denniston’s caution, p. 473, n. 1; Mayser II/3, 152f; Rob. 1151; 1191) so, then Lk 3:18. Esp. in Ac: 1:6, 18; 2:41; 5:41; 8:25; 9:31; 11:19; 13:4; 14:3 (DSharp, ET 44, ’33, 528); 15:3, 30; 16:5; 17:12, 17, 30; 19:32; 23:18, 22, 31; 25:4; 26:4, 9; 28:5. Also 1 Cor 6:4 (B-D-F §450, 4); Hb 9:1; Papias (2:16). εἰ μὲν οὖν now if Hb 7:11; 8:4.

ⓕ μενοῦν, οὐμενοῦν, and μενοῦνγε s. under these entries.—JLee, Some Features of the Speech of Jesus in Mark’s Gospel: NovT 27, ’85, 1–26.—DELG s.v. 1 μήν. M-M.

στοιχεῖον, ου, τό (since Aristoph., X., Pla.; also BGU 959, 2) in our lit. only pl.

① basic components of someth., elements

ⓐ of substances underlying the natural world, the basic elements fr. which everything in the world is made and of which it is composed (Pla. et al.; PGM 4, 440; Wsd 7:17; 19:18; 4 Macc 12:13; Ath., R. 3 p. 51, 17), to disappear in the world conflagration at the end of time 2 Pt 3:10, 12 (Ath. 22, 3; lit. s.v. καυσόω). The four elements of the world (earth, air, fire, water) Hv 3, 13, 3 (cp. Diog. L. 7, 137 [Zeno the Stoic] ἔστι δὲ στοιχεῖον, ἐξ οὗ πρώτου γίνεται τὰ γινόμενα καὶ εἰς ὸ̔ ἔσχατον ἀναλύεται … τὸ πῦρ, τὸ ὕδωρ, ὁ ἀήρ, ἡ γῆ; Plut., Mor. 875c; Philo, Cher. 127 τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα; Jos., Ant. 3, 183.—JKroll, Die Lehren des Hermes Trismegistos 1914, 178ff; ESchweizer, JBL 107, ’88, 455–68). πῦρ … ὕδωρ … ἄλλο τι τῶν στοιχείων Dg 8:2; cp. 7:2 (s. b).

ⓑ of basic components of celestial constellations, heavenly bodies (Ar. 3, 2; Just., A II, 5, 2; Diog. L. 6. 102 τὰ δώδεκα στοιχεῖα of the signs of the zodiac; POsl 4, 18 δώδεκα στ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Ps.-Callisth. 13, 1.—PGM 4, 1303 the ‘Bear’ is called a στοιχεῖον ἄφθαρτον.—Rtzst., Poim. 69ff, Herr der Grösse 13ff; Diels [s. below] 53f; JvanWageningen, Τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου: ThSt 35, 1917, 1–6; FColson, The Week 1926, 95ff) Dg 7:2.

ⓒ of things that constitute the foundation of learning, fundamental principles (X., Mem. 2, 1, 1; Isocr. 2, 16; Plut., Lib. Educ. 16, 2; Just., A I, 60, 11) or even letters of the alphabet, ABC’s (Pla. et al.) τὰ στ. τῆς ἀρχῆς τῶν λογίων τοῦ θεοῦ the very elements of the truths of God Hb 5:12. This mng. is also prob. for the passages in Gal (4:3, 9 NEB ‘elementary ideas belonging to this world’; cp. LBelleville, JSNT 26, ’86, 53–78) and Col; s. next.

② transcendent powers that are in control over events in this world, elements, elemental spirits. The mng. of στ. in τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου Gal 4:3; Col 2:8, 20 (for the expr. στοιχ. τ. κόσμου cp. SibOr 2, 206; 3, 80f; 8, 337) and τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα Gal 4:9 is much disputed. For a survey s. EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 510–18. Some (e.g. Burton, Goodsp.) prefer to take it in sense 1c above, as referring to the elementary forms of religion, Jewish and polytheistic, which have been superseded by the new revelation in Christ (so also WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles ’39, 108f; RGrant, HTR 39, ’46, 71–3; ACramer, Stoicheia Tou Kosmou, ’61 [the unregenerate tendencies within humans]).—Others (e.g. WBauer, Mft., NRSV) hold that the ref. is to the elemental spirits which the syncretistic religious tendencies of later antiquity associated w. the physical elements (Herm. Wr. Κόρη κόσμου in Stob. I 409 W.=Sc. 486ff, esp. 486, 23; 25; 490, 14: the στοιχεῖα, fire, air, water, earth, complain to the deity who is over all; Orph. Hymn. 5, 4; 66, 4 Qu.; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 3 [s. below Pfister p. 416f]; Simplicius In Aristot. De Caelo 1, 3 p. 107, 15 Heiberg.—MDibelius, Geisterwelt 78ff; 228ff, Hdb. z. NT² exc. on Col 2:8; ELohmeyer, Col 1930, 4–8; 103–5; FPfister, Die στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου in den Briefen des Ap. Pls: Philol. 69, 1910, 411–27; GMacgregor: ACPurdy Festschr. ’60, 88–104); they were somet. worshiped as divinities (Vett. Val. 293, 27; Philo, Vita Cont. 3 τοὺς τὰ στοιχεῖα τιμῶντας, γῆν, ὕδωρ, ἀέρα, πῦρ. Cp. Diels [s. below] 45ff; Schweizer 1a above). It is not always easy to differentiate betw. this sense and that of 1b above, since heavenly bodies were also regarded as personal beings and given divine honors.—HDiels, Elementum 1899; ABonhöffer, Epiktet u. das NT 1911, 130ff; OLagercrantz, Elementum 1911 (p. 41 στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου=θεμέλια τοῦ κόσμου); BEaston, The Pauline Theol. and Hellenism: AJT 21, 1917, 358–82; KDieterich, Hellenist. Volksreligion u. byz.-neugriech. Volksglaube: Αγγελος I 1925, 2–23; on Gal 4 and Col 2, GKurze, D. στοιχεῖα τ. κόσμου: BZ 15, 1927, 335; WHatch, Τὰ στοιχεῖα in Paul and Bardaisân: JTS 28, 1927, 181f; JHuby, Στοιχεῖα dans Bardesane et dans St. Paul: Biblica 15, ’34, 365–68; on Gal 4:3, 9 and Col 2:8, 20, LScheu, Die ‘Weltelemente’ beim Ap. Pls: diss. Cath. Univ., Washington ’34; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76 (Gal 4:1–11); WBrownlee, Messianic Motifs of Qumran and the NT, NTS 3, ’56/57, 195–210; MKiley, SBLSP 25, ’86, 236–45.—RAC IV 1073–1100; B. 1501. DELG s.v. στείχω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+)

① the commencement of someth. as an action, process, or state of being, beginning, i.e. a point of time at the beginning of a duration.

ⓐ gener. (opp. τέλος; cp. Diod S 16, 1, 1 ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τοῦ τέλους; Ael. Aristid. 30, 24 K.=10 p. 123 D.: ἐξ ἀ. εἰς τέλος; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 9, §36; Wsd 7:18) B 1:6; IEph 14:1; IMg 13:1; IRo 1:2, cp. vs. 1. W. gen. foll. (OGI 458, 10 life) ἡμέρας ὀγδόης B 15:8; ἡμερῶν (2 Km 14:26) Hb 7:3; τῶν σημείων first of the signs J 2:11 (ἀ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου δόγματος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 4, 20; cp. Isocr., Paneg. 10:38 Blass ἀλλʼ ἀρχὴν μὲν ταύτην ἐποιήσατο τ. εὐεργεσιῶν, τροφὴν τοῖς δεομένοις εὑρεῖν=but [Athens] made this the starting point of her benefactions: to provide basic needs for livelihood; Pr 8:22; Jos., Ant. 8, 229 ἀ. κακῶν); ὠδίνων Mt 24:8; Mk 13:8; κακῶν ISm 7:2. As the beginning, i.e. initial account, in a book (Ion of Chios [V B.C.] 392 Fgm. 24 Jac. [=Leurini no. 114] ἀρχὴ τοῦ λόγου; Polystrat. p. 28; Diod S 17, 1, 1 ἡ βύβλος τὴν ἀ. ἔσχε ἀπὸ …; Ael. Aristid. 23, 2 K.=42 p. 768 D.: ἐπʼ ἀρχῇ τοῦ συγγράμματος; Diog. L. 3, 37 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς Πολιτείας; cp. Sb 7696, 53; 58 [250 A.D.]) ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰ. Χ. Beginning of the gospel of J. C. Mk 1:1 (cp. Hos 1:2 ἀ. λόγου κυρίου πρὸς Ὡσηέ; s. RHarris, Exp. 8th ser., 1919, 113–19; 1920, 142–50; 334–50; FDaubanton, NThSt 2, 1919, 168–70; AvanVeldhuizen, ibid., 171–75; EEidem, Ingressen til Mkevangeliet: FBuhl Festschr. 1925, 35–49; NFreese, StKr 104, ’32, 429–38; AWikgren, JBL 61, ’42, 11–20 [ἀρχή=summary]; LKeck, NTS 12, ’65/66, 352–70). ἀ. τῆς ὑποστάσεως original commitment Hb 3:14. ἀρχὴν ἔχειν w. gen. of the inf. begin to be someth. IEph 3:1. ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν begin (Polyb.; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Diog. L., Prooem. 3, 4; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Philo, Mos. 1, 81) λαλεῖσθαι to be proclaimed at first Hb 2:3; cp. IEph 19:3.—W. prep. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς from the beginning (Paus. 3, 18, 2; SIG 741, 20; UPZ 160, 15 [119 B.C.]; BGU 1141, 44; JosAs 23:4; Jos., Ant. 8, 350; 9, 30) J 6:64 v.l.; 15:27; 1J 2:7, 24; 3:11; 2J 5f; Ac 26:4; MPol 17:1; Hs 9, 11, 9; Dg 12:3. οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. αὐτόπται those who fr. the beginning were eyewitnesses Lk 1:2. Also ἐξ ἀρχῆς (Diod. Sic. 18, 41, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 45 [189]; SIG 547, 9; 634, 4; UPZ 185 II 5; PGen 7, 8; BGU 1118, 21; Jos., Bell. 7, 358) J 6:64; 16:4; 1 Cl 19:2; Pol 7:2; Dg 2:1. πάλιν ἐξ ἀ. (Ael. Aristid. 21, 10 K.=22 p. 443 D.; SIG 972, 174) again fr. the beginning (=afresh, anew; a common expr., Renehan ’75, 42) B 16:8. ἐν ἀρχῇ (Diod S 19, 110, 5; Palaeph. p. 2, 3; OGI 56, 57; PPetr II, 37, 2b verso, 4; PTebt 762, 9; POxy 1151, 15; BGU 954, 26; ViHab 14 [p. 87, 4 Sch.]) at the beginning, at first Ac 11:15; AcPlCor 2:4. ἐν ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου when the gospel was first preached Phil 4:15; sim., word for word, w. ref. to beg. of 1 Cor: 1 Cl 47:2.—τὴν ἀ. J 8:25, as nearly all the Gk. fathers understood it, is emphatically used adverbially=ὅλως at all (Plut., Mor. 115b; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 12; 14 [31], 5; 133; Lucian, Eunuch. 6 al.; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 3; POxy 472, 17 [c. 130 A.D.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 121; Jos., Ant. 1, 100; 15, 235 al.; as a rule in neg. clauses, but the negation can inhere in the sense: 48th letter of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 356, 17]; Philo, Abrah. 116, Decal. 89; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 6, 11; without art. ApcSed 10:3; cp. Hs 2:5 cj. by W., endorsed by Joly; s. Field, Notes, 93f) τὴν ἀ. ὅτι καὶ λαλῶ ὑμῖν (how is it) that I even speak to you at all? But s. B-D-F §300, 2. More prob. the mng. is somewhat as follows: What I said to you from the first (so NT in Basic English; sim. REB et al.; cp. τὴν ἀρχήν ‘at the beginning’ Thu 2, 74, 2; s. also RFunk, HTR 51, ’58, 95–100; B-D-F §300, 2, but appeal to P⁶⁶ is specious, s. EMiller, TZ 36, ’80, 261).

ⓑ beginning, origin in the abs. sense (ἀ. τῆς τῶν πάντων ὑποστάσεως Orig. C. Cels. 6, 65, 4) ἀ. πάντων χαλεπῶν Pol 4:1; ἀ. κακῶν ISm 7:2 (cp. 1 Ti 6:10, which has ῥίζα for ἀ., and s. e.g. Ps 110:10; Sir 10:13); ἀ. κόσμου B 15:8; ἀ. πάντων PtK 2, p. 13, 21. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς fr. the very beginning (Is 43:13; Wsd 9:8; 12:11; Sir 24:9 al.; PsSol 8:31; GrBar 17:2) Mt 19:4, 8; J 8:44; 1J 1:1 (of the Hist. beg. of Christianity: HWendt, D. Johannesbriefe u. d. joh. Christent. 1925, 31f; HWindisch, Hdb. ad loc.; difft. HConzelmann, RBultmann Festschr., ’54, 194–201); 3:8; 2 Th 2:13; ὁ ἀπʼ ἀ. 1J 2:13f; Dg 11:4; οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. those at the very beginning, the first people 12:3; τὰ ἀπʼ ἀ. γενόμενα 1 Cl 31:1; ἀπʼ ἀ. κτίσεως Mk 10:6; 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4 (on ἀ. κτίσεως cp. En 15:9); ἀπʼ ἀ. κόσμου Mt 24:21. Also ἐξ ἀ. (X., Mem. 1, 4, 5; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D. [of the existence of Zeus]; TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 11 [Stone p. 40]; B 4 p. 109, 7 [St. p. 66]; Ath., R. 16, p. 67, 18; Philo, Aet. M. 42, Spec. Leg. 1, 300; Did., Gen. 50, 1) Dg 8:11; ἐν ἀ. in the beginning (Simplicius in Epict. p. 104, 2; Did., Gen. 29, 25 al.) J 1:1f; ἐν ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως B 15:3. κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beg. Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26; cp. Hdt. 3, 153 et al.; Diod S; Plut.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 92, Det. Pot. Insid. 118; Ps 118:152; Just., D. 2, 3).

② one with whom a process begins, beginning fig., of pers. (Gen 49:3 Ῥουβὴν σὺ ἀρχὴ τέκνων μου; Dt 21:17): of Christ Col 1:18. W. τέλος of God or Christ Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Hymn to Selene 35 ἀ. καὶ τέλος εἶ: Orphica p. 294, likew. PGM 4, 2836; 13, 362; 687; Philo, Plant. 93; Jos., Ant. 8, 280; others in Rtzst., Poim. 270ff and cp. SIG 1125, 7–11 Αἰών, … ἀρχὴν μεσότητα τέλος οὐκ ἔχων, expressed from the perspective of historical beginning).

③ the first cause, the beginning (philos. t.t. ODittrich, D. Systeme d. Moral I 1923, 360a, 369a;—Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190 God as ἀρχὴ κ. μέσα κ. τέλος τῶν πάντων [contrast SIG 1125, 10f]) of Christ ἡ ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως Rv 3:14; but the mng. beginning=‘first created’ is linguistically probable (s. above 1b and Job 40:19; also CBurney, Christ as the Ἀρχή of Creation: JTS 27, 1926, 160–77). [ὁ γὰ]ρ π̣̄ρ̣̄ (=πατὴρ) [ἀρ]|χή ἐ[ς]τ̣[ιν τῶν μ]ελλόν|των for the Father is the source of all who are to come into being in contrast to the προπάτωρ, who is without a beginning Ox 1081, 38f (SJCh 91, 1 ἀρχή; on the context, s. WTill, TU 60/5, ’55 p. 57).

④ a point at which two surfaces or lines meet, corner (from the perspective of an observer the object appears to begin at that point), pl. corners of a sheet Ac 10:11; 11:5 (cp. Hdt. 4, 60; Diod S 1, 35, 10).

⑤ a basis for further understanding, beginning τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς ἀ. elementary principles Hb 5:12 (perh. w. an element of gentle satire: ‘the discrete items or ABC’s that compose the very beginning [of divine instructions]’; cp. MKiley, SBLSP 25, ’86, 236–45, esp. 239f). ὁ τῆς ἀ. τοῦ Χ. λόγος elementary Christian teaching 6:1.

⑥ an authority figure who initiates activity or process, ruler, authority (Aeschyl., Thu. et al.; ins; pap, e.g. PHal 1, 226 μαρτυρείτω ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ δικαστηρίῳ; Gen 40:13, 21; 41:13; 2 Macc 4:10, 50 al., s. Magie 26; so as a loanw. in rabb. ἀ. = νόμιμος ἐπιστασία Did., Gen. 60, 9) w. ἐξουσία Lk 20:20; pl. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 26 ἀρχαὶ κ. ἐξουσίαι; 4 Macc 8:7; Jos., Ant. 4, 220) Lk 12:11; Tit 3:1; MPol 10:2 (αἱ ἀρχαί can also be the officials as persons, as those who took part in the funeral procession of Sulla: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 106 §497.—The same mng. 2, 106 §442; 2, 118 §498 al. Likewise Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 2, 31).—Also of angelic or transcendent powers, since they were thought of as having a political organization (Damascius, Princ. 96 R.) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:10, 15; AcPl Ha 1, 7. Cp. TestJob 49, 2; Just., D. 120, 6 end.

⑦ the sphere of one’s official activity, rule, office (Diod S 3, 53, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §57; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 177, Ant. 19, 273), or better domain, sphere of influence (Diod S 17, 24, 2; Appian, Syr. 23 §111; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 1; Polyaen. 8:55; Procop. Soph., Ep. 139) of angels Jd 6. Papias (4 v.l. for ἄρχω).—S. the lit. on ἄγγελος and HSchlier, Mächte u. Gewalten im NT: ThBl 9, 1930, 289–97.—144–50 (‘Archai’). EDNT. DELG s.v. ἄρχω D. M-M. TW. Sv.

τροπ-ικός, ή, όν, ([etym.] τροπή)

A of the solstice, ὁ τ. (sc. κύκλος ) the tropic or solstice as marked on the sphere, Arist.Mete. 343a14 (with κύκλος, Jul.Or.4.147c); τ. χειμερινός, θερινός, Porph.Antr.21;

ζῶναι Placit.3.11.4

; οἱ τ. (sc. κύκλοι) Arist.Mete. 345a6, 346a14, al., cf. Arat. 528, Plu.2.429f; τὰ τ. ζῴδια the signs of the zodiac in which the solstices and the equinoxes are situated, S.E.M.5.6; so

τ. ζῷα Man.2.382

; and abs.,

τροπικά Id.3.41

, 6.359; but used of Cancer and Capricorn only, opp. ἰσημερινά (Aries and Libra), Ptol.Tetr.31, etc.

2 of Time, of or at the solstice, αἱ τ. ἡμέραι, οἱ τ. μῆνες, Arist.HA 544a33, 558b14.

II Rhet., tropical, figurative, τ. λέξις a figurative expression, D.H.Th.23, etc.;

τὸ ποιητικὸν καὶ τ. Phld.Rh.1.157

S.;

αἱ τ.

tropes,

Longin.32.6

. Adv.

- κῶς Phld.Rh.1.154

S., Ath.3.76c.

2 in Stoic Logic τροπικόν = συνημμένον ἢ διεζευγμένον ἀξίωμα (v.

συνάπτω A. 111.3

,

διαζεύγνυμι 1

), Stoic.2.77, al., Arr Epict.1.29.40.

κατεργάζομαι mid. dep., Att. fut. 2 sg. κατεργᾷ Dt 28:39; 1 aor. κατειργασάμην; perf. κατείργασμαι. Pass.: fut. 2 pl. κατεργασθήσεσθε Ezk 36:9; aor. κατειργάσθην (on κατηργασάμην and κατηργάσθην s. B-D-F §67, 3; W-S. §12, 1; Mlt-H. 189) (Soph., Hdt.+).

① to bring about a result by doing someth., achieve, accomplish, do τὶ someth. (Hdt. 5, 24 πρήγματα μεγάλα; X., Mem. 3, 5, 11; Jos., Vi. 289) Ro 7:15, 17f, 20; 1 Cor 5:3; 1 Cl 32:3f. τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην κατεργαζόμενοι committing shameless acts Ro 1:27. τὸ κακόν do what is wrong 2:9; 13:10 v.l. τὸ βούλημα τῶν ἐθνῶν do what the gentiles (i.e. polytheists) like to do 1 Pt 4:3. δικαιοσύνην θεοῦ does what is right in the sight of God or (s. ἐργάζεσθαι 2c) achieves the uprightness that counts before God Js 1:20 v.l. ἅπαντα κατεργασάμενοι after you have done or accomplished everything (in this case the reference would be to the individual pieces of armor mentioned in what follows, which the reader is to employ as is prescribed; but s. 4 below) Eph 6:13. ὧν οὐ κατειργάσατο Χριστὸς διʼ ἐμοῦ of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me Ro 15:18. Pass. τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη ἐν ὑμῖν the signs by which an apostle demonstrates his authority have been done among you 2 Cor 12:12.

② to cause a state or condition, bring about, produce, create (Hdt. 7, 102 ἀρετὴ ἀπὸ σοφίης κατεργασμένη; Philo, Plant. 50; TestJos 10:1) τὶ someth. νόμος ὀργήν Ro 4:15. θλῖψις ὑπομονήν 5:3 (TestJos 10:1 πόσα κατεργάζεται ἡ ὑπομονή); cp. Js 1:3. λύπη μετάνοιαν 2 Cor 7:10a v.l. (for ἐργάζεται). λύπη θάνατον vs. 10b; cp. vs. 11 (where a dat. of advantage is added). φθόνος ἀδελφοκτονίαν 1 Cl 4:7. μνησικακία θάνατον Hv 2, 3, 1. ἡ ἁμαρτία κ. ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν sin called forth every desire within me Ro 7:8. τινί τι bring about someth. for someone (Eur., Her. 1046 πόλει σωτηρίαν) μοι θάνατον 7:13. αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης ἡμῖν 2 Cor 4:17. εὐχαριστίαν τῷ θεῷ bring about thankfulness to God 9:11; θάνατον ἑαυτῷ κ. bring death upon oneself Hm 4, 1, 2; cp. Hs 8, 8, 5 ἐργάζεσθαι.— Work out τὶ someth. (Pla., Gorg. 473d ὁ κατειργασμένος τὴν τυραννίδα ἀδίκως) τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε Phil 2:12 (JMichael, Phil 2:12: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 439–50).

③ to cause to be well prepared, prepare someone κ. τινα εἴς τι prepare someone for someth. (cp. Hdt. 7, 6, 1; X., Mem. 2, 3, 11) ἡμᾶς εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο for this very purpose 2 Cor 5:5.

④ to be successful in the face of obstacles, overpower, subdue, conquer (Hdt. 6, 2 νῆσον; Thu. 6, 11, 1 al. τινά; 1 Esdr 4:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 62; Jos., Ant. 2, 44) ἅπαντα κατεργασάμενοι στῆναι after proving victorious over everything, to stand your ground Eph 6:13 (but s. 1 above).—M-M. TW.

I. λοιμός, οῦ, ὁ pestilence (Hom.+; SIG 620, 15; 921, 58 λ. ἢ πόλεμος; POxy 1666, 20; 4 Macc 15:32 v.l.; TestJud 23:3; Philo; Jos., Ant. 9, 289f al.) λοιμοί plagues, diseases (pl. as Pla., Leg. 4, 709a; Hymn to Isis [I B.C.] 24 P.) among the signs of the last time (w. λιμός, q.v. 2) Mt 24:7 v.l.; Lk 21:11.—DELG. M-M.

II. λοιμός, ή, όν (LXX) comp. λοιμότερος

① pert. to being diseased, pestilential, diseased, of birds of prey ὄρνεα … ὄντα λοιμὰ τῇ πονηρίᾳ αὐτῶν B 10:4. For the names of the birds in this pass. s. Lev. 11:13–16. B views them as typical of certain persons.

② subst., of humans public menace/enemy (1 Macc 15:21 of wanted criminals) B 10:10 (Ps 1:1 ‘pestilent pers.’). οἱ λοιμότεροι the more troublesome ones IPol 2:1. εὑρόντες τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον λοιμόν we have found this man to be a public enemy Ac 24:5 (the noun λοιμός as designation of a person dangerous to the public weal [cp. Lat. pestis] in Demosth. 25, 80; Aelian, VH 14, 11. The adj. in Libanius, Or. 1, 186 F. τὸν λοιμὸν Γερόντιον. S. Ἐλύμας and OHoltzmann, ZKG 14, 1894, 495–502).—DELG. M-M.

δῠωδεκάς, άδος, ἡ,

A the number twelve, Procl. in Euc.p.174 F.; group of twelve divinities, Dam.Pr. 348.

II twelfth part, of the signs of the zodiac, Arat.555 (pl.), 703; of an hour, AP9.779, 782 (Paul. Sil.).

φολῐδ-ωτός, ή, όν,

A clad in scales, of reptiles, opp. λεπιδωτός (of fishes), Arist.PA 692b11, cf. HA 490b24, al.; also of the signs Scorpio and Pisces, Heph.Astr.1.1; θώραξ φ. a coat of mail of small metal plates overlapping one another, scale-armour, Posidipp.26.8, Arr.Tact.3.5 (pl.);

φ. χιτών Hld.9.15

, v. l. for στολιδ- in X.Cyr.6.4.2;

φ. φιάλη

ornamented with a pattern of scales,

Inscr.Délos1414a

ii 20, cf. 1416 A i 100 (ii B. C.); παροψίδες, ὀξύβαφα, BGU 781 i6, ii14 (i A. D.); also of the catkins of the filbert,

μόρια φ.

imbricated,

Thphr.HP3.5.6

.

στοιχειωματικοί

persons who cast nativities from the signs of the Zodiac: masc nom /voc pl

στοιχει-ωμᾰτικοί, οἱ,

A persons who cast nativities from the signs of the Zodiac (cf.

στοιχεῖον 11.5

), Ps.-Ptol.Centil. 9.

μῡρῐο-γένεσις, εως, ἡ,

A the signs which rise with Pisces, Firm.3.1.2, 8.1.10.

πορ-ίζω, [dialect] Att. [tense] fut.

A

ποριῶ Ar.Eq. 1079

, 1101, Th.6.29, etc., late

πορίσω Artem.2.68

: [tense] aor.

ἐπόρισα Pl.Lg. 966e

: [tense] pf.

πεπόρικα Id.Phlb. 30d

:— [voice] Med., [tense] fut. [dialect] Att.

ποριοῦμαι D.35.41

: [tense] aor.

ἐπορισάμην Ar.Ra. 880

, etc.: —[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

πορισθήσομαι Th.6.37.94

: [tense] aor. ἐπορίσθην ib.37, etc., [dialect] Dor.

- ίχθην Lysis

ap.Iamb.VP 17.75: [tense] pf.

πεπόρισμαι Isoc.15.278

, D. 44.3 (in med. sense, Lys.29.7, Aeschin.3.209, Philem.123): [tense] plpf.

ἐπεπόριστο Th.6.29

: ([etym.] πόρος):—rarely, like πορεύω, carry, bring, σὲ θεὸς ἐπόρισεν ἁμέτερα πρὸς μέλαθρα (prob. for ἐπῶρσεν, ἔπορσεν) S.El. 1267(lyr.).

II bring about, furnish, provide,

κακά τινι Hom.

Epigr. 14.10; νίκην, χρήματα, etc., Ar.Eq. 593, Ec. 236, Democr.78, IG22.834.14, etc.;

ἀρχὴν πολέμου Ar.Fr.81

;

τροφὴν τοῖς στρατιώταις Isoc.12.82

;

τοῖς μαθηταῖς δόξαν, οὐκ ἀλήθειαν Pl.Phdr. 275a

: abs.,

θεῶν ποριζόντων καλῶς E.Med. 879

: freq. with a notion of contriving or inventing, μηχανὰν κακῶν, πόρους, Id.Alc. 222 (lyr.), Ar.Eq. 759, etc.;

τοῖσι φιλτάτοις τέχνας E.IA 745

;

π. τριβάς Ar.Ach. 386

;

διαβολήν Th.6.29

;

σωτηρίαν τῷ γένει Pl.Prt. 321b

;

τῇ ζητήσει ἀπόκρισιν Id.Phlb. 30d

, etc.:—[voice] Med., furnish oneself with, procure,

ῥήματα Ar.Ra. 880

; δαπάνην, χρήματα, ὅπλα, Th.1.83, 142, 4.9; τὰς ἡδονάς, τἀγαθά, τἀπιτήδεια, etc., Pl.Grg. 501b, La. 199e, Ax. 368b, etc.;

μηχανήν Id.Smp. 191b

;

τὰ δεῖπνα Alex.257.2

; καινὰ ῥήματα Philem.l.c.;

φῶς ποθέν Pl.R. 427d

;

ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων π. τὸν βίον Isoc.12.116

; also

π. μάρτυρας Lys. 29.7

;

πρόφασιν Id.8.3

;

λόγους περὶ ἀδίκων πραγμάτων D.35.41

;

αἰτίας χρηστὰς ἐπὶ πράγμασι φαύλοις Plu.2.868d

: sts. also

πορίζεσθαί τι ἑαυτοῖς X.HG5.1.17

, Pl.Smp. 208e; σημεῖα πεπορίσθαι to have acquired the signs, i.e. know them, Hp.Medic. 14; also, have provided for one, receive, Men.Prot.p.16D.:—[voice] Pass., to be provided,

τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς ἐπεπόριστο Th.6.29

; ῥᾳδίως αἱ ἐπαγωγαὶ.. ἐπορίζοντο inducements were easily provided, Id.3.82;

δύναμις ἐκ θεῶν π. Pl.R. 364b

;

πίστεις ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου πεπορισμέναι Isoc. 15.278

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1356a1;

τὸ γηροβοσκοὺς κεκτῆσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πορίζεται X.Oec.7.19

; πράξεις πρὸς τὰ φύ χη καὶ τὰς ἀλέας πεπορισμέναι behaviour adapted to.., Arist.HA 596b22, cf. PA 665b3.

2 [voice] Act. in med. sense, find money, raise a loan, PCair.Zen.477.16(iii B.C.); obtain,

προστάγματα εἰς τὸ τιμωρηθῆναι αὐτούς PMich.Zen.57.9

(iii B.C.); earn,

τὸ ζῆν ἀπὸ τῆς γερδιακῆς PLond.3.846.11

(ii A.D.):—[voice] Pass., ἀπ' ἄλλων συντόμως σοι πορισθὲν ἀποδοθήσεται (sc. τὸ ἀργύριον) PMich.Zen. 56.8 (iii B.C.).

III Math., find something, opp. proving it (as in a theorem) and constructing it (as in a problem), Papp.650.22, al.; cf.

πόρισμα 11

.

σημαίνω, Il.10.58, etc.; [full] σᾱμαίνω, Schwyzer686.23 ([place name] Pamphylia): [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

A

σημαίνεσκον Q.S.4.193

: [tense] fut.

σημᾰνῶ A.Ag. 497

, Th.6.20, [dialect] Ion.

- ᾰνέω Od.12.26

, Hdt.1.75: [tense] aor. ἐσήμηνα ib.43, Th.5.71, [dialect] Ep.

σήμηνα Il.23.358

; but in codd. of X. (HG1.1.2, al.) and later writers (Str.13.3.6, Act.Ap.25.27, Polyaen.1.41.3, Arr.An.1.6.2) ἐσήμᾱνα, and so in Mitteis Chr.29.8 (ii B.C.): [tense] pf.

σεσήμαγκα Aristobul.

ap. Eus. PE13.12, Arr.Epict.3.26.29:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. σημᾰνοῦμαι, [dialect] Ion.

- έομαι Hp. Prog.3

, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐσημηνάμην Il.7.175

, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

σημανθήσομαι S.E.M.8.267

, ([etym.] ἐπι-) E. Ion 1593: [tense] fut. [voice] Med. in pass. sense, Hp. Int.44: [tense] aor.

ἐσημάνθην D.47.16

: [tense] pf.

σεσήμασμαι Hdt.2.39

, Lys.32.7, Pl.Lg. 954a, etc.; [ per.] 3sg.

σεσήμανται Hdt.2.125

, inf.

σεσημάνθαι Ar. Lys. 1196

: ([etym.] σῆμα):—show by a sign, indicate, point out,

τέρματα Il.23.358

;

δείξω ὁδὸν ἠδὲ ἕκαστα σημανέω Od.12.26

; τοῦτον σημήνας after indicating the person, Hdt.1.5;

τέκμαρ A.Ch. 667

;

θησαύρισμα S.Ph. 37

;

σ. τι περί τινος Pl.Lg. 682a

;

σ. ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν X.Ap.12

; σ. εὔδια πάντα (sc. εἶναι) Theoc.22.22:—[voice] Med., πάντα σημαίνει you have all things shown you (?), Epigr.Gr.1039.11 ([place name] Limyra).

2 abs., give signs, φθόγγος, φῶς ς., A.Supp. 245, Ag. 293;

ὁ λόγος σημαινέτω S.Tr. 345

; σ. καπνῷ make signal, A.Ag. 497: freq. in E. in [tense] fut. with

αὐτός, πλοῦς αὐτὸς σημανεῖ Hel. 151

;

τὸ δ' ἔργον αὐτὸ σημανεῖ Andr. 265

; αὐτὸ σημανεῖ (without Subst.) Ph. 623;

τἄλλα δ' αὐτὸ σημανεῖ Ba. 976

.

3 of the Delphic oracle,

οὔτε λέγει οὔτε κρύπτει ἀλλὰ σημαίνει Heraclit.93

; so of omens, X.Mem.1.1.2, etc.;

σ. ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς Id.An.6.1.31

;

περί τινος Id.Mem.1.1.19

;

ἐπὶ τοῖς μέλλουσι γενήσεσθαι Th.2.8

;

πρὸ τῶν μελλόντων X.HG5.4.17

:—[voice] Pass.,

σημαίνεσθαι διὰ τῶν ἐμπύρων Plu.2.222f

, etc.

4 in later Prose intr., appear, be manifest, Arist.HA 533a11 (but [voice] Pass. in same sense, ib. 588b18);

σ. ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων Pl.Epin. 989a

; cf.

δηλόω 11

.

b σημαίνει impers., signs appear, Arist.Pr. 941b2, 944a4.

II give a sign or signal to do a thing, or bid one do it, c. dat. pers. et inf., Hdt.1.116, 6.78, A.Ag.26, S.Aj. 688, X.An.6.1.24; give orders to, bear command over, c. dat.,

πᾶσι δὲ σημαίνειν Il.1.289

, cf. 10.58, 17.250; c. gen.,

στρατοῦ Il.14.85

; also

σ. ἐπὶ δμῳῇσι γυναιξίν Od.22.427

: abs., give orders,

ὁ δὲ σημαίνων ἐπέτελλεν Il.21.445

, cf. Od.22.450: in part., σημαίνων,= σημάντωρ, S.OC 704 codd.

2 in war or battle, give the signal of attack, etc., Th.2.84, etc.; in full,

σ. τῇ σάλπιγγι And.1.45

, X.An. 4.2.1, Achae.37.3;

σ. τῷ κέρατι ὡς ἀναπαύεσθαι X.An.2.2.4

: c. acc., σ. ἀναχώρησιν give a signal for retreat, Th.5.10;

ἐπειδὰν ὁ σαλπιγκτὴς σημήνῃ τὸ πολεμικόν X.An.4.3.29

, cf. 4.3.32;

τὸ ἀνακλητικόν Plu.2.236e

: c. inf., X.Cyr.1.4.18, etc.: impers. σημαίνει (sc. ὁ σαλπιγκτής), signal is given, as τοῖσι Ἕλλησι ὡς ἐσήμηνε when signal was given for the Greeks to attack, Hdt.8.11: c. inf., ἐσήμαινε παραρτέεσθαι πάντα signal was given to make all ready, Id.9.42, cf. E.Heracl. 830; also σ. ἐπὶ πλόον πῦρ gives the signal for sailing, Tryph.145.

3 generally, σ. [τῷ ἵππῳ] τι, προχωρεῖν σ. τῷ ἵππῳ, X.Eq.9.4, 7.10.

4 make signals,

εἰς τὴν πόλιν Id.HG6.2.33

; σ. ὡς πολεμίων ἐπιόντων ib.7.2.5:—[voice] Pass., ἐσημάνθησαν προσπλέουσαι ib.6.2.34: abs.,

σημανθέντων τῷ Ἀστυάγει ὅτι.. Id.Cyr.1.4.18

.

III signify, indicate, declare,

φόνον E.HF 1218

;

τινί τι Hdt.7.18

, 9.49, S.OT 226: folld. by ὡς.. , Hdt.1.34; by ὅτι.. , S.OC 320, Pl.Phd. 62c;

σ. ὅστις A.Pr. 618

; σ. ὅ τι χρή σοι συμπράσσειν ib. 297 (anap.); σ. ὅπῃ γῆς πεπλάνημαι ib. 564 (anap.);

σ. ὅπου.. S.El. 1294

;

σ. ὅτου τ' εἶ χὠπόθεν Id.Fr. 104

;

σ. εἴτε.. Id.Ph.22

;

σ. ποίῳ θανάτῳ.. Ev.Jo.12.33

, 21.19: c. part., signify that a thing is,

φρυκτοῦ φῶς.. σημαίνει μολόν A.Ag. 293

;

Κρέοντα προσστείχοντα σημαίνουσί μοι S.OT79

, cf. OC 1669;

ταῦτα ὡς πολέμου ὄντος σημαίνει Pl.Lg. 626e

, cf. 722e:—[voice] Pass., ὁ σημαινόμενος δοῦλος the abovementioned slave, POxy.283.12 (i A.D.): abs.,

σημανθέντος

it having been reported,

PAmh.2.31.8

(ii B.C.), cf. supr. 11.4.

2 interpret, explain, Hdt.1.108; tell, speak, Id.3.106: abs., σήμαινε tell, S.OC51, cf.OT 1050;

οὐ στηλῶν μόνον σ. ἐπιγραφή Th.2.43

.

3 of a writer, signify, indicate,

ὅτι.. Str.8.6.5

; of words, sentences, etc., signify, mean,

ταὐτὸν σημαίνει Pl.Cra. 393a

, cf. 437c, Phdr. 275d, Arist.Ph. 213b30, etc.; σημαίνοντα significant sounds, opp. ἄσημα, Id.Po. 1457a32sq.:—[voice] Pass., τὸ σημαινόμενον the sense, meaning of words, Id.Rh. 1405b8, D.H.Th.31, A.D.Pron.12.27, al.; opp. τὸ σημαῖνον, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.38(pl.).

B [voice] Med. σημαίνομαι, give oneself a token, i.e. conclude from signs, conjecture,

τὰ μὲν σημαίνομαι, τὰ δ' ἐκπέπληγμαι S.Aj.32

; ἄστροις σ. [τὰς πόλεις], prov. in Ael.NA7.48; σ. τι ἔκ τινος ib.2.7; of dogs hunting,

μυξωτῆρσι σ. τι Opp.C.1.454

.

II provide with a sign or mark, seal, σημαίνεσθαι βύβλῳ (sc. βοῦν), i.e. by sealing a strip of byblus round his horn, Hdt.2.38, cf. Pl.Lg. 954c, X.Cyr.8.2.17, Is. 7.1,2, Hyp.Ath.8:—[voice] Pass., εὖ σεσημάνθαι to be well sealed up, Ar.Lys. 1196; τὰ σεσημασμένα, opp. τὰ ἀσήμαντα, Pl.Lg. 954a, cf. Lys.32.7, D.39.17, Ath.Mitt.7.368.

2 mark out, choose for oneself,

τοὺς εὐρωστοτάτους Plb.3.71.7

.

τριζῳδίᾱ, τριζῳδία

the space of three signs: fem nom /voc /acc dual

τριζῳδίᾱ, τριζῳδία

the space of three signs: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)

τριζῳδίᾱͅ, τριζῳδία

the space of three signs: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)

προηγ-έομαι,

A go first and lead the way, Hdt.2.48, 7.40, X.Lac.13.2, etc.; τινι for a person, i.e. guide him,

τῷ θεῷ Ar.Pl. 1195

, cf. X.Cyr. 2.1.1; π. τὴν [ ὁδόν] Id.An.6.5.10; of troops, form the van, Id.Cyr.4.2.27; π. πᾶσι [ τοῖς ποσίν] to have all in front, Arist.IA 714a4.

b precede logically, τινος S.E.P.1.210.

2 c. gen., take the lead of,

τῶν προόδων ἄλλους προόδους.. προηγεῖσθαι X.Eq.Mag.4.5

;

π. τῆς πομπῆς Plb.12.13.11

; of the planets in retrograde motion, get ahead of,

ἀπλανῶν ἀστέρων Gem.12.22

: later c. acc.,

ἀλλήλους π. τῇ τιμῇ Ep.Rom.12.10

:—c. inf., προήγημαι τὴν τούτων ἐπίδοσιν ποήσεσθαι have taken the initiative in.., BGU1193.11 (i B.C.).

3 of things,

τὸ πῦρ μὲν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ἱερῶν προηγεῖται

goes before, precedes,

X.Lac. 13.3

;

ῥάβδοι π. ἑκάστῳ Plb.6.53.8

.

4 [tense] pres. part. προηγούμενος, η, ον, going first, τὸ π. στράτευμα the van, opp. οὐρά, X.Ages.2.2; preceding, foregoing, Phld.Ir.p.94 W.;

γράμματα Plu.Pomp.45

.

b Math., τὰ π. forward points, i.e. those lying on the same side of the radius vector of a spiral as the direction of its motion, Archim.Spir. 11 Def.6;

ἁ π. εὐθεῖα Id.Spir.21

,23.

c Astron., τὰ π. ζῴδια signs leading in the daily movement of the heavens, i.e. westerly signs, opp. ἑπόμενα, Gem.1.5, Theo Sm.p.147 H., etc.

d

τὰ π.

initial data, premisses,

Plb.16.16.6

, Arr.Epict.1.20.1;

σημεῖα Phld.Sign.36

;

φαντασίαι M.Ant.8.49

; π. οὐσία τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ given, i.e. external to the soul, Arr.Epict.3.7.6; τὸ π., opp. τὸ ἐπιγέννημα, ib.7; τὰ π. originals of paintings, Arist.Mu. 396b14.

e leading, principal, κατὰ π. λόγον according to a guiding principle, Zeno Stoic.1.48; ὁ π. λόγος, τὸ π. ἔργον, Arr.Epict.1.20.14, 2.5.4; σύν τινι προηγουμένῳ in conjunction with a purpose, Iamb.VP27.131, cf. Plot.4.4.8;

χειρὸς οὐσία μὲν ἡ σάρξ, προηγούμενα δὲ τὰ χειρὸς ἔργα Arr.Epict.3.7.24

, cf. 3.22.76; ὑπηρετικὰ ἄλλοις, οὐκ αὐτὰ π. ib.2.8.6; so in Math., π. θεώρημα leading theorem, opp. ἀντίστροφον, Procl.in Euc.p.254F.

f Medic., π. αἴτιον predisposing cause, Ath.Med. ap. Gal.15.112, cf. 7.10, al.; π. αἰτίαι antecedent causes, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.264.

5 [tense] aor. part., ὁ -ησάμενος the former ἡγεμών, PLips.63.6(iv A.D.), etc.

τεκμαίρομαι, [tense] fut.

A

τεκμᾰροῦμαι X.Cyr.4.3.21

: [tense] aor.

ἐτεκμηράμην Antipho 5.81

, etc., [dialect] Ep.

τεκμ- Od.10.563

: ([etym.] τέκμαρ):—assign, ordain, esp. of the gods,

ἐπεὶ τάδε γ' ὧδε θεοὶ κακὰ τεκμήραντο Il.6.349

;

Κρονίδης.. κακὰ.. τεκμαίρεται ἀμφοτέροισιν 7.70

; πόλεμον, δίκην τισὶ τ... [Ζεύς], Hes.Op. 229, 239: generally, of any person in authority, appoint, πομπὴν δ' ἐς τόδ' ἐγὼ τεκμαίρομαι, ὄφρ' ἐῢ εἰδῇς, αὔριον ἔς I am arranging your departure for to-morrow, Od.7.317;

ἄλλην δ' ἧμιν ὁδὸν τεκμήρατο Κίρκη 10.563

; ἐν οἷς ἂν (sc. τόποις)

νομοφύλακες.. τεκμηράμενοι ἕδρας πρεπούσας, ὅρους θῶνται τῶν ὠνίων Pl.Lg. 849e

; with a notion of foretelling,

τότε τοι τεκμαίρομ' ὄλεθρον Od.11.112

: c. inf., settle with oneself, i.e. design, purpose to do, h.Ap. 285, A.R.4.559.

II after Hom. almost always, judge from signs and tokens, estimate,

προσβάσεις πύργων E.Ph. 180

; κύματα, φύλλα, A.R.4.217: abs., form a judgement or conjecture, ὡς ἀνθρώποις τεκμαίρεσθαι (sc. δέδοται) Alcmaeon 1;

τέτταρσιν ὀφθαλμοῖς X.Cyr. 4.3.21

; λέγουσι περὶ αὐτοῦ τεκμαιρόμενοι by conjecture, Id.Mem.1.4.1.

2 the ground on which the judgment or conjecture is founded is commonly added in the dat., ἐμπύροις τεκμαίρεσθαι to judge by the burnt-offering, Pi.O.8.3;

τεκμαίρομαι ἔργοισιν Ἡρακλέος Id.Fr.169.4

;

τ. τοῖσι νῦν ἔτι ἐοῦσι Πελασγῶν Hdt.1.57

; τοῖσι ἐμφανέσι τὰ μὴ γινωσκόμενα τ. judge of the unknown by the known, Id.2.33, cf. 7.16.γ; ἔργῳ κοὐ λόγῳ τ. A.Pr. 338;

τὰ καινὰ τοῖς πάλαι S. OT 916

;

τοῖς παροῦσι τἀφανῆ E.Fr. 574

; τοὺς.. περιεσομένους τοῖς ξύμπασι σημείοισι by all the symptoms, Hp.Prog.24, cf. Acut.68;

τὰ μέλλοντα τοῖς γεγενημένοις Isoc.4.141

; κατὰ [τὴν αἴσθησιν].. τὸ ἄδηλον τῷ λογισμῷ τ. Epicur.Ep.1p.6U.;

περὶ τῶν μελλόντων τοῖς ἤδη γεγενημένοις Isoc.6.59

; also

τ. τὰ μελλοντ' ἐκ τῶν γεγενημένων Din.1.33

, cf. X.Mem.4.1.2, Pl.Smp. 204c, Gal.6.470; ἀφ' αὑτοῦ τὴν νόσον τ. Ar.V.76, cf. Th.4.123, X.Mem.3.5.6, Pl.Phd. 108a, R. 409a, 501b;

τ. ἀπὸ τούτων εἰς τὰ ἄλλα Id.Tht. 206b

;

εἴ τι δεῖ τ. πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον αὐτοῦ τρόπον D.27.22

; πόθεν τοῦτο τεκμαίρῃ; Pl.Cri. 44a, cf. Phdr. 235c, R. 433b: rarely c. gen., τ. κατηγορίας οὐ προγεγενημένης from the fact that.., Th.3.53; τ. τῷ πυρὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ judge of the road by the fire, App.BC5.87, cf. 45, Mith.5, Arat.1129, 1154; τ. τοῦ δένδρου πρὸς τὴν ναῦν estimate the tree with reference to.., Philostr.Im.2.17, cf. VA1.22.

3 c. acc. et inf.,

τ. τοῦτο οὕτως ἕξειν ἐκ τοῦδε X.Cyr.8.1.28

, cf. Pl.R. 578c, Gal.6.588, PRyl.74.5 (ii A.D.); also folld. by a relat. Particle, τεκμαιρόμενος ὅτι.. taking as an indication the fact that.., Th.1.1, cf. X.Lac.8.2; ὡς μέγα.. τὴν Αἴτνην ὄρος εἶναί φασι, τεκμαίρου guess how great.., Pl.Com.37; τ. εἰ.. to be uncertain whether.., AP12.177 (Strat.).

4 recognize,

ὄπα κούρης A.R.4.73

;

Ἀλέξανδρον APl.4.121

.

III put forth, stretch out, ὁλκόν, οὖρον ([etym.] ὅρον), D.P.101, 135, 178: abs., project, of teeth, Nic. Th. 231.

B [voice] Act. τεκμαίρω only in post-Hom. Poets, show by a sign or token, make proof of, τεκμαίρει χρῆμ' ἕκαστον circumstance proves the man, Pi.O.6.73; τεκμαίρει.. ἰδεῖν gives signs [for men] to see, Id.N.6.8;

ἀλλά μοι.. τέκμηρον, ὅ τι μ' ἐπαμμένει παθεῖν A.Pr. 605

(lyr.); κελεύθους indicate them, Nic.Th. 680; τ. ἀοιδήν guide it.., Arat.18.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `sign, symbol, trait, omen, mark, character, feature, gravestone' (Il.).

Other forms: Dor. σᾶμα.

Compounds: Compp., e.g. σηματ-ουργός m. `mark maker' (A.); often as 2. member with regular transition in the o-stems, e.g. ἄ-σημος, Dor. ἄ-σᾱμος `without signs, unimpressed, unintelligible' (IA., Dor.), isolated ἀ-σήμων `id.' (S.), ἐπί-σημος, Dor. -ᾱ- `provided with a mark' (IA., Dor.), n. - ον `mark, weapon' (Ion. hell. a. late), also -α (Simon., A. a.o.; after σῆμα).

Derivatives: 1. the adj. σημα-λέος `sending signs', surn. of Zeus (Paus.), - τόεις `full of gravestones' (AP). 2. the verbs a. σημαίνω, Dor. (Pamphyl.) σᾱμ-, often w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ὑπο-, δια-, ἀπο-, `to give a sign, to denounce, to order' (Il.) with σημάν-τωρ, - τορος m. `commander, ruler, guide' (ep. Il.), des. of a military official (Hdt. 7, 81), `annunciator, announcing' (late poet.; on the meaning Aly Glotta 5, 58 ff.), - τήρ, - τήριον, - τρον, - τρίς, - τρια, - τικός, - σις, also σημασία f. `announcement etc.' (Arist., hell. a. late; Schwyzer 469); b. σηματίζομαι = σημαίνομαι (sch.). 3. Subst. a. dimin. σημάτιον n. (Eust.); b. σημ-εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον, Dor. σᾱμ- n. `sign, mark, standard, signal, signet' (IA., Dor.; as μνημ-εῖον: μνῆμ-α; s. on μιμνήσκω) with - ειώδης `noteworthy' (Arist., hell. a. late), - ειόομαι, - ειόω, also w. ἐπι- a. o., `to note, to notice; to provide with a seal' (Hp., Thphr., hell. a. late), from where - είωσις, - είωμα, - ειωτικός; c. σημ-εία (- έα, - αία) f. `standard, banner' (hell. a. late; after βασιλ-εία etc.; Schwyzer 469, 470 n. 6). 4. PN Σαμιχος m. (Boeot. inscr.) a.o.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The word seems an inherited word, but is without convincing etymology. After Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.¹ II 348) identical with Skt. dhyā-man- n. `thought' (late lex.; to dhyā́-yati, -ti `think'); semantic. not really striking. E. Leumann (s. Schwyzer 322 n. 1) compares Sak. (North-Ar.) śśāma `sign'. -- From ἄσημον MPers. asēm `(uncoined) silver', NPers. sīm `(silver) thread'; cf. Bailey Trans. Phil. Soc. 1933, 50.

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